C.  M.  SORIA,  J.  ALCRECHT,  JOHN  S.  RAINEY, 

President.  Chemist.  Vice-President. 

STBR-IM  £5’ 

mmm  hi  mm  iimiii ti 

No.  14  UNION  STREET, 

NEW  ORLEANS. 

manufacturers  of 

Am.  Haw  Bone  Super-Phosphate,  Pure  ground  Itaw  Bone,  Sulphuric 
Acid,  Muriatic  Acid,  Phosphoric  Acid,  Solution  Super-Phos¬ 
phate  of  Lime,  Solution  Super-Phosphate  of  Alumina, 
Muriate  of  Tin  Crystals,  Bone  Black  of  all  Grades, 
Copperas,  Neats  Foot  Oil  and  the  Celebrated  Per- 
chloride  of  Zinc  and  Iron  Disinfectant.  We 
invite  the  attention  of  Close  Buyers 
and  solicit  orders. 

HIGHEST  CASH  PRICE  PAID  FOR  BONES. 


STAPLE  &  FANCY  DRYUOODS,  NOTIONS,  ETC., 

SENT  TO 

ZEE .  JEZ-  ADAMS, 

Will  receive  conscientious  attention.  Freight  prepaid  on  Bills  over  $10. 

50  1  anti  500  Magazine  8t.,  NEW  ORI.EASK 

F.  R .  HARDON, 
Millinery  and  Fancy  Goods, 

Into-  29  CHARTRES  STP^EET, 

JEt.  MAITR^~ 

SEEDSMAN  &  FLORIST, 

Nos.  7  CAMP  and  602  MAGAZINE  STREETS, 

Senior  Partner  of  the  firm  ot  MAITHE&  COOK,  Nurserymen  and  Florists. 

IT  or  ad.  ZE]sta,"blislrzrrent,  ILTo.  STS  ZLvdZa,g-a,z;ine  St., 

NURSERIES,  Lower  Line,  Pearl,  Clinton  &  St.  Charles  Sts.. 
FLORAL  BAZAAR,  00;<}  Magazine  St.,  NEW  ORLEANS. 

Seeds,  Bulbs,  Plants  and  Flowers  and  everything  for  the  Southern  Garden. 

PRICE  LIST  SENT  POSTPAID. 


15  Bourl)Oi,-155  Canal,-14,16&  18Daujhiie  Sis., 


OBLEA^TS. 


European  and  Domestic  Manufactures, 

The  most  Extensive  and  Complete  Assortment  always  on  Hand, 

—ALSO— 


Ladies’  and  Misses’  Cloaks, 

mmmvwmmm, ,  a/m 


Samples  furnished  throughout  the  Country  on  Application. 


A  GREAT  BOON  TO  NEW  ORLEANS ! 

CHEAP  COAL. 

Alabama  Goal  is  the  Best!  Alabama  Goal  is  the  Cheapest! 

Alabama  Coal  has  come  to  New  Orleans  to  stay 
Winter  and  Summer. 

Alabama  Coal  malces  no  clinkers. 

Alabama  Coal  makes  no  Smell. 

Alabama  Coal  will  be  brought  to  you  as  you  require  it,  by 
ear-load  lots,  fresh  from  the  mines. 

The  output  of  the  mines  has  greatly  increased;  the  L.  and  N.  R.  R.  have  built  2.000 
new  coal  cars,  and  we  have  arranged  for  all  the  coal  that  New  Orleans  may  require  at 
very  low  rates  of  freight. 

J^SEE  OUR  LOW  PRICES.  ^ 

G^PRATT  COAL.^C) 

$3.50  per  ton  of  2,000  pounds,  or  31|c.  per  barrel  on  cars,  in  car-load  lots.  Less  than 
car-load  lots  $3.75  per  ton  of  2, t'OO  pounds,  or  33|c.  per  barrel.  Coal  delivered  for 
50c.  per  load,  making  our  retail  price,  in  10-barrel  lots,  only  38|c.  per  barrel  delivered 

-^HELENA  COA  L  •«===§*►- 

$4  50  per  ton  of  2,000  pounds,  or  36c.  per  barrel  on  cars,  in  car-load  lots.  Less  than 
car-load  lots  $4.75  per  ton,  37^c.  per  barrel  Coal  delivered  for  50  cts.  per  load 
making  our  retail  price  for  this  superior  domestic  lump  coal  434c.  per  barrel  delivered. 
tfSTFor  large  contracts  lower  prices  will  be  made.  We  will  place  cars  of  coal  on  L. 
and  N.  side-track,  nearest  to  buyers.  Send  in  your  orders  to 

DANNER  &  CO.,  54  CARONDELET  ST. 


1 


zubei^bief;  &  behan, 

Wholesale  GrocerssCommission  Merchants, 

Importers  and  Dealers  in 

Wines,  Liquors,  Tobacco,  Segars,  &c. , 

Nos.  33,  35,  37,  39  and  41  PETERS  STREET, 

CORNER  GRAVIER, 

NEW  ORLEANS,  La. 


F.  HOLLANDER  &  CO. 


Importers  of  and  Dealers  in 


Wips,  Liquors  ap  Fahcy  Copes, 

SOLE  AGENTS  OF 

Schlitz’s  Pilsener  and  Rochester  Bottled,  and  Moerlein’s 
Cincinnati  Barrel  Lager  Beer,  Reed’s  Gilt  Edge 
Tonic  and  Cocktail  Bitters. 

51,  53  &  59  Customhouse  St,  NEW  ORLEANS. 

I.  L.  LYONS, 

IMPORTER 


*»-  AND- 


nX 


;p2AL(l^  17  U  p  p  Ip  1  , 

42  &  44  GAMP  &  III,  113, 115  &  117  GRAVIER  STS. 

And  98  Common  St.,  NEW  ORLEANS. 


JOBI 1.  AMIS  l 


r  ®  I 


WHOLESALE  GROCERS 


AND  DEALERS  IN 


J-^IQUORS  Sj  ]yWPOF\TED  jSrOODS, 

43,  45,  49  SOUTH  PETERS  STREET, 

NEW  OMLEAINS. 


Wm.  flash. 


H.  L.  FLASH. 


H.  M.  PRESTON. 

Flash,  Preston  &Co., 

WHOLESALE  GROCERS, 

IMPORTERS  <&  DEALERS  IN 

SUGAR,  MOLASSES,  COFFEE  &  RICE, 

44  and 46  Canal,  63  and 65  Common  &  17  Crossman  Sts., 
NEW  ORLEANS,  La. 


SCHMIDT  &  ZIEGLER. 

RECEIVERS  AND  JOBBERS  IN 

SUGAR,  MOLASSES,  RICE, 

Rio  and  Cordova  Coffees, 

-♦-iALSOi-*- 

WHOLESALE  GROCERS, 

Nos.  49,  51,  53  &  55  SOUTH  PETERS  ST.. 

NEW  ORLEANS. 


H.  R.  GOGREVE, 


f 


HOLESALE  brROCER, 


F 


JInd  Dealer  in  Wihes,  Liquors  a^d  Cigars, 

Nos.  76  and  78  Tchoupitoulas  Stmt, 

NEW  ORLEANS. 


JD.  J 


E.  J.  HART  &  CO., 

—WHOLESALE  DEALERS— 


JE.  J. 


IMPORTERS  &  COMMISSION  MERCHANTS, 

GROCERIES  &  DRUGS, 

73,  75,  77  and  79  TCHOUPITOULAS  STREET, 


1TEW  Hi  a,. 


DP.  IP.  TRICOU, 

— IMPORTER  &  MANUFACTURER  OF — 

®ENTLEMEN’SlINE«NDERWEAR, 

Shirts  and  Neckwear, 

No.  7  ST.  CHARLES  STREET, 

Crescent  Hall  Building,  NEW  ©HHSAMS® 


YALE  &  BOWLING, 


OTIONS, 


17,19  &  21  Magazine  &  88  Common  Sts. , 

NEW  ORLEANS. 


R,  H.  CHAFFE,  BRO.  &  CO., 


WHOLESALE  GROCERS, 

- AND  DEALERS  IN - 

WINES,  LIQUORS, 

TOBACCO  AND  CIGARS, 

48  CANAL  AND  ST  COMMON  STS., 

NEW  ORLEANS,  La. 


OF  NEW  ORLEANS, 


ITo.  31  C-A-1^35  STREET. 


CAPITAL,  -  800.000. 

ERNEST  MILTENBEIIQER . President. 

H.  GALLY, . ' . Vice-President. 

SCOTT  McGEHEE, . Secretary. 

DIRECTORS. 

Emile  L.  Carriere,  Lonis  Bush,  J.  J.  Gidiere,  G.  P.  Harrison, 

B.  F.  Chambers,  D.  Fatjo,  Gilbert  H.  Green,  H.  E.  Shropshire. 

M.  Schwabacher,  J.  A  Dufillio,  J.  A.  Lafaye,  J.  H.  Menge. 

John  T.  Moore,  Jr.  P.  A.  Villermin,  Adolph  Meyer,  Geo.  H.  Dunbar. 

E.  L.  Forstall,  F.  G.  Ernst,  Joseph  David,  I.  Hernsheim. 

D.  A.  S.  Vaught,  R.  Beltran,  L.  Lacassagne,  Henry  Lehmann, 

Thos.  J.  Woodward. 


POITEVENT  &  FAVRE, 

— MANUFACTURERS  AND  DEALERS  IN — 

HOUGH  &  DBtSSED  LM1BEB,  SWIEliS,  LUIS,  fc 

Keep  constantly  on  hand  large  quantities  of  Dry,  Rough  Flooring  and  Ceiling.  Fine 
and  Cypress  Lumber  Sawed  to  order,  and  special  attention  paid  to  large 
and  Long  Ship  and  Bridge  Lumber. 

Mills  at  Pearlington  on  Pearl  River,  Miss. 
Branch  Office,  J\'o.  54  St.  Charles  Street,  up-stairs. 

Box  No.  12  Mechanics’  and  Dealers’  Exchange, 

NEW  ORLEANS. 


McCracken  &  brewster, 

•■^DEALERS  IN=S<— • 


33  &  35  ROYAL  STREET, 

Manufactory,  Cor.  Derbigny  and  Customhouse, 

NEW  ORLEANS. 


H.  N.  SIEBRECHT, 

IMPORTER  AND  MANUFACTURER  OF 

FURNITURE,  UPHOLSTERY  A  PAPER  IAIGIB, 

No.  49  ROYAL  STREET, 

Bet.  Customhouse  &  Bienville,  NEW  ORLEANS,  La. 


Parlor,  Dining-Room  and  Bed-Room  Furniture  on  hand  and  made  to 
order.  Curtain  Stuffs,  Window  Shades,  Bobbinet  Curtains, 
Cornices,  Cords  and  Tassels,  Gold,  Velvet  and  Decora¬ 
tion  Paper  and  Cheap  Wall  Paper. 


ESTABLISHED  1848. 


RICE,  IBOIRIISr  &  CO., 


Hi 


Cut 


*UTX*BRY| 

AGRICULTURAL  IMPLEMENTS, 
Plantation  Supplies,  Carpenter,  Cooper,  Blacksmith,  Engineer 
and  Tinners’  Tools,  Tinners’  Stock, 

COOKING  &  HEATING  STOVES. 

Nos.  77,  79  &  81  CAMP  STREET, 

Branch  House,  597  Magazine  St.,  NEW  ORLEANS. 


GIVING  AWAY 

FURNITURE, 

ALL  KINDS  AND  DESIGNS. 

W.  B.  BING  BOSE, 

172  and  174  CAMP  STREET,  NEW  ORLEANS. 

Call  before  going  elsewhere  and  inspect  his  immense  stock. 

Cheapest  Furniture  Mousse  in  the  Cit.v.  by 

003,202 
SINGER  SEWING  MACHINES 

SOLD  I  IN  THE  YEAR  1883. 

Beware  of  worthless  Imitations  offered  at  Cheap  Prices, 

Great  reduction  in  prices  of  NEEDLES  for  all  machines,  and  parts  for  the  Singer 
Machine.  Singer  New  Family  Needles  15c.  per  dozen  ;  2  dozen  25c.  All  other  styles 
from  15  to  25c.  Oil  5c.  a  bottle.  Singer  Shuttles  25c.  each.  Send  for  illustrated  Cata¬ 
logue  and  Price  List ;  also  ask  for  the  book  “Genius  Rewarded,’7  (History  of  the  Sewing 
Machine).  McCall’s  Bazar  Patterns,  Catalogues  Free. 

The  Singer  Jtla  n  ufact a  ring  Company , 

S.  E.  RUNRLE,  Agent.  185  Canal  Street,  NEW  ORLEANS. 


Dr.  J.  W.  West, 

DENTIST, 

Office  and  Residence,  263  JOSEPHINE  STREET,  Corner  Camp. 
NEW  ORLEANS,  La. 


JOS.  B.  WOLFE  &  CO., 

COTTON  FACTORS, 

— <->—  A  N  L)  — — 


COMMISSION  MERCHANTS, 


Agents  DANIEL  PRATT  IMPROVED, 

REVOLVING  HEAD  COTTON  GINS. 


No.  59  Carondelet  Street,  • 

NEW  ORLEANS. 


h 


f 


Tilt  "White"  is  King  I 


Gf[Egg  Sewing  Machine  Depot 

154  CANAL  ST., 

1TEVx7  OESXjIE-AJfcTS,  J-ia,. 


^Machines  of  all  JCinds, 

Try  the  WHITE,  “Everybody  likes  it:’ 


TELEPHONE  in  Store. 


YVM.  FRANTZ. 


H.  OPITZ. 


FRANTZ  &  OPITZ, 

Watchmakers  ^Jewelers, 

Cor,  Eoyal  and  Bienville  Sts , 
NEW  ORLEANS . 

DIAMOND  SETTING  A  SPECIALTY 

SPECTACLES  AND  EYE-GLASSES* 


Over  this  department  of  our  busi¬ 
ness  we  have  placed  Mt.Wm.  Bohne, 
the  most  experienced  optician  in  this 
State.  There  is  nothing  in  his  line 
that  he  cannot  furnish  or  make  to  or¬ 
der,  being  a  practical  mechanic  also. 
Our  prices  are  lower  than  those  of 
other  houses  in  this  line. 

A.  B.  GRISWOLD  &  CO,, 

JEWELERS  &  OPTICIANS, 

119  CAIVAI,  STREET. 


U  f 


H 


IAN' 


#  ©Ill’s 


^CHAKGB' 


WOMAN’S  WORK. 

-41  <Sc  -43  BOTJEBOIT  STEEET. 


SALESROOM  filled  with  excellent  variety  of  plain  fancy  and  ornamen¬ 
tal  needle-work  and  other  articles  at  reasonable  prices.  Classes  in  Drawing, 
Painting,  Cooking,  Dress-Making,  Crochet  and  all  kinds  of  fancy  work. 

LIJJVCHROOM  open  from  7  A.  M.  to  6  P.  M.  Lunches  for  travelers 
carefully  put  up.  Orders  solicited  for  home-made  Bread,  Rolls,  Preserves,  Jel¬ 
lies,  Pickles,  Cake,  Ice-Cream,  Salads,  Roast  Turkey,  Gumbo,  etc. 


EDWARD  HEATH, 

No.  75  Camp  St.,  NEW  ORLEANS . 

WAl.l.  I’Al'Ki;  in  all  liradcs. 

Window  Shades  and  Cornices , 

Curtain  Goods,  Upholsterers’  Findings,  German  Mirror 
Plates,  Picture  Frames  and  Mouldings. 

CD 

Samples  furnished  on  application. 

CRESCENT  INSURANCE  CO. 


OIF1  jKTIE'W  ORLEANS. 


Organized  1849.— Reorganized  1889. 


CAPITAL  -  -  3fe©00,000 

W.  R.  LYMAN,  Pres.  (  HAS.  91.  i)OLSEi\,  Vice-Pies. 

(  HAS.  E.  RICE,  Secretary. 

L.  M.  TUCKER  &  CO.,  Managers  Southeastern  Department,  Columbus,  Miss. 
Wm.  LOFLAND  &  CO.,  Managers  Southwestern  Department,  Galveston,  Tex. 
LEE  &  De  SAUSSURE,  Managers  Southern  Department  Charleston,  S.  C. 


IF5.  L.  CIJSACHS, 

158  CANAL  STREET,  CORNER  BARONNE. 

STRICTLT  IFTTIE^X 1 


- IMPORTER  OF - 


French,  German  and  other  Mineral  Waters, 

Perfumery,  Toilet  Articles,  etc. 

HZ.  1ST.  GrU^XiIIfcTO-,  Pliarmacist  and  OAerxaist, 

Manager  of  .Laboratory  and  Prescription  Department. 

JO HN  GAUCHE’S  SONS, 

IMPORTERS  &  WHOLESALE  &  RETAIL  DEALERS  IN 

Ct\ina,  Pottery  ar^d  Glassware 

-*-iFROM  ALL  COUNTRIES,)-*- 

(09  to  115  CAMP  ST.,  MEW  ORLEANS. 


Our  Royal  Semi-Porcelain  Dinner  Sets,  160  pieces,  for.  .  .  . . $12.00 

Royal  Semi-Porcelain  Breakfast,  Dinner  and  Tea  Set,  180  pieces,  ii»r. ....  14.00 

English  China  Decorated  (Moss  Rose)  Tea  Set,  44  pieces,  for .  5.60 

English  China  Gold  Band  Tea  Set,  44  pieces,  for  . .  .  5.50 

English  Printed  Chamber  Sets,  11  pieces,  $3.00  $3.50  and  $4  00. 


LOUISIANA 

—  AND  IN  — 


The  Southern  States, 


By  M 


pxs 


JAM/VI A 


OHNSON 


SECOND  EDITION, 


PRICE,  50  CENTS. 


NEW  ORLEANS. 

Gro.  Muller,  Printer,  48  Bienville  St. 

1884. 


638, 

J  62 


COPYRIGHT,  1882. 

—  BY  — 


MRS.  EMMA  B.  JOHNSON 


690 


t 

°X 

CK-.  1 
oo 

C/^ 

*«*. 

CS 

4 

^  v  <# 


■c. 


I 


?J- — * 
6° 


<4 


i 

*5 


rtf 

<0 

r*- 

-t- 

«Ti 

1 

j 


^  b\  %  2. 

Introduction. 

In  presenting  this,  the  second  edition  of  my  book  on  “Silk 
Culture,”  I  take  pleasure  in  returning  my  sincere  thanks 
to  the  public  for  the  marked  appreciation  shown  to  it. 

I  would  again  urgently  call  the  attention  of  all  owners 
of  plantations  and  farms  to  the  opportunity  now  offered 
of  adding  to  their  yearly  income.  Let  them,  therefore, 
plant  the  mulberry  tree,  and  give  thereby  to  their  wives 
and  daughters  the  chance  to  make  a  little  extra  money  in 
rearing  the  silk  worm.  The  industry  is  now  well  estab¬ 
lished,  it  is  but  a  question  of  time  before  we  shall  see 
the  result  of  the  elforts  put  forth  by  many  thoughtful, 
energetic  and  patriotic  persons. 

Let  it  be  remembered  that  those  who  will  be  the  first 
to  thoroughly  familiarize  themselves  with  the  raising  of 
the  silk  worm  will  reap  the  richest  harvest  as  this  busi¬ 
ness  will  certainly  become  very  important  in  a  few  years 
from  now.  owing  to  the  great  impetus  which  has  been 
given  to  it.  Competition  and  high  prices  do  not  go  very 
well  together,  and  those  will  make  the  most  money  who 
will  be  ready  to  operate  on  a  large  scale  before  t he  others 
are  prepared  to  do  so. 

We  would  suggest  to  the  authorities  of  all  our  Southern 
Cities,  to  have  the  highways  and  streets  lined  with  the 
mulberry,  a  magnificent  shade  tree,  that  grows  to  a  great 
size  and  lives  hundreds  of  years. 

Before  closing,  I  wish  specially  to  tender  my  thanks,  to 
the  business  men  in  our  community  who  have  assisted  me 
in  my  labors  with  a  view  to  develop  this  new  enterprise 
throughout  the  country.  In  favoring  me  with  their  cards 
they  have  brought  their  names  forward  as  men  of  progress 
well  deserving  the  patronage  of  the  public  in  their  respec¬ 
tive  lines  of  business,  and  it  is  my  earnest  desire  that  their 
kind  assistance  will  be  duly  taken  under  consideration  by 
an  appreciative  public. 

EMMA  B,  JOHNSON. 


1. 

. 


. 

.  ' 

■  .  . 

■ 

'  /  : 

» • 

. 

'  '  ; 

■  : 

1 1 .  {ff  • 

1  ! 

■ 

. 

. 


' 

?.  v; 

• 

*  <.•  i 


If', I 


i  / 


y 

' 

, 


Silk  and  Silk  Culture. 


Silk  is  a  fine  thread  or  fiber,  the  product  of  a  worm 
which,  on  account  of  this  peculiarity,  is  termed  the  silk 
worm. 

This  worm,  from  feeding  on  special  leaves,  such  as  the 
leaves  of  the  osage  orange,  of  the  black,  but  more  par¬ 
ticularly  of  the  white  mulberry,  spins  it  from  its  mouth 
out  of  its  body  which  becomes  filled  with  a  transparent 
substance  which  har  dens  into  a  thread  after  exposure  to 
the  air. 

The  process,  by  means  of  which  the  silk  is  produced, 
no  one,  so  far,  has  been  able  to  explain.  The  various 
transformations  of  this  live  silk  producing  machine  are 
truly  wonderful.  A  tiny  worm  is  born  from  an  egg,  no 
larger  than  a  turnip  seed.  This  worm  grows  very  fast;  it 
sheds  its  skin  four  times  at  intervals  of  several  days,  then  it 
shuts  itself  in  its  silken  house  called  a  cocoon,  in  which 
no  opening  of  any  sort  can  be  discovered.  In  this  house, 
the  worm  changes  its  shape  and  appearance.  It  be¬ 
comes  a  chrysalis.  It  finally  emerges  from  its  improvised 
habitation  in  the  shape  of  a  butterfly,  of  small  size,  and 
of  a  cream  color.  This  butterfly,  some  cocoons  pro¬ 
ducing  the  male,  others  the  female,  after  mating  for  the 
purpose  of  reproduction  lives  but  a  few  days  without 
food  of  any  sort  and  then  dies;  the  female  having  depos¬ 
ited,  for  the  next  season,  from  350  to  400  eggs. 

The  silk  worm  is  supposed  to  have  originated  in  China 
from  which  country  it  has  been  carried  to  various  locali¬ 
ties.  It  is  now  found  nearly  all  over  the  civilized  world. 
In  the  United  States,  where  it  has  been  introduced,  its 
cultivation  seems  to  be  spreading  very  fast. 

The  best  known  varieties  of  silk  worms  are  seven  in 
number.  The  common  silk  worm  (Bombyx  Mori)  is  the 
species  most  in  use,  and  produces  the  best  silk.  It  feeds 
as  we  all  know  upon  the  leaves  of  the  mulberry,  and 
completes  its  existence  from  the  egg  to  the  butterfly  in 
from  35  to  40  days,  according  to  climate. 


6 


SILK  CULTURE 


There  is  a  species  of  silk  worm  (Bombyx  Arrindia),  a 
native  of  Bengal  and  British  India,  that  feeds  upon  the 
castor  oil  plant.  It  has  been  successfully  pi  opagated  in  Eu¬ 
rope,  where  its  silk  product  is  found  to  be  supple  and  du¬ 
rable,  but  almost  without  lustre.  The  Ailanthus  silk 
worm  (Bombvx  Cynthia)  is  indigenous  to  the  temperate 
regions  of  China.  It  produces  an  elongated  cocoon  of  a 
reddish  shade,  from  which  a  strong  and  durable  tissue  is 
made.  It  has  been  successfully  introduced  into  France. 
The  Tusseh  silk  worm  (Bombyx  Myllitta)  lives  in  a  wild 
state  in  Bengal,  its  food  is  the  jujube  tree.  Its  cocoon 
produces  a  fine  and  brilliant  silk.  Every  effort  to  intro¬ 
duce  it  in  France  has  failed. 

The  wild  silk  worm  of'  Japan  (Bombyx  Yami  Mai), 
has  been  successfully  reared  in  France*  The  leaves  of 
the  oak  are  its  food. 

The  Bombyx  Crecopia  is  indigenous  to  the  temperate 
regions  of  North  America,  and  found  principally  in 
Louisiana,  the  Carolinas  and  Virginia.  Its  food  is  the 
leaves  of  the  oak,  the  elm,  the  willow,  the  common  plum, 
the  pecan,  etc.  The  cocoon  is  of  coarse  texture  though 
the  silk  is  of  brilliant  hue. 

There  are  several  species  of  silk  worms  that  produce 
more  than  one  crop  a  year.  The  Annuals  make  but  one 
crop  and  have  been  found  most  profitable.  The  Bivol- 
tins  make  two  crops,  the  silk  does  not  command  much 
price.  There  are  also  Trivoltins  laying  three  crops  per 
annum.  The  Quadrivoltins  producing  four  crops. 

The  best  varieties  cultivated  are  the  “Italian'7  producing 
a  bright  yellow  cocoon.  “French,77  white  and  straw 
color.  ‘Turkish,’7  white.  “Japanese.77  white  and 
green;  and  the  “Chinese"7  white  cocoons. 

The  white  cocoon  commands  the  highest  price,  pro¬ 
vided  the  cocoons  are  good,  and  kept  clean.  The  straw 
color  is  next  in  value  and  is  considered  most  healthy. 

Numerous  experiments  have  demonstrated  beyond  a 
doubt  that  the  silk  worm  can  be  produced  all  over  the 
South,  especially  in  Louisiana,  where  the  best  eggs  and 
the  finest  cocoons  have  been  produced.  Louisiana  seems 
to  offer  every  facility  for  the  production  of  silk. 


/.V  THE  SOUTH. 


7 


It  is  neither  difficult  nor  expensive  to  raise  silk  worms. 
A  small  outlay  for  the  purchase  of  the  eggs,  and  leaves, 
and  for  the  rent  of  a  room  of  sufficient  capacity,  and  a 
few  simple  lessons  are  all  that  is  necessary. 

Any  one  wishing  to  raise  silk  worms  must  procure  a 
book  of  instruction.  This  little  book  will  convey  the 
knowledge  necessary  on  the  subject  for  all  practical  pur¬ 
poses.  It  must  be  read  carefully,  and  if  in  the  directions 
anything  should  be  found  wanting,  application  must  be 
made  to  the  author  for  additional  information. 


Eggs. 


The  eggs  will  be  furnished  in  any  quantity  desired. 
Particular  care  will  be  taken  that  those  furnished  be  of 
good  quality. 

So  far,  the  best  eggs  I  can  recommend,  are  the  eggs 
which  have  been  produced  in  Louisiana,  for  the  last  thirty- 
eight  years  ;  and  in  order  to  distinguish  them  from  others, 
I  shall  give  them  the  special  name  of  “Louisiana  eggs.’7 

The  cocoons  produced  by  these  worms  are  of  magnificent 
size  and  color,  and  no  disease  has  ever  developed  among 
them.  These  were  originally  from  France,  and  their 
great  improvement  in  size  and  lustre  goes  to  prove  how 
well  adapted  Louisiana  is  to  the  cultivation  of  the  silk 
worm. 

France  and  Italy  rely  mainly  upon  Japan  for  their  sup¬ 
ply  of  health}7  eggs.  Fvery  year,  about  fifty  Italians  and 
twenty-five  Frenchmen  go  to  Yokohama  to  purchase  eggs, 
and  pay  from  one  to  three  dollars  per  ounce.  These  two 
nations  expend  a  half  million  dollars  in  purchasing  from 
a  distant  nation  the  eggs  which  Louisiana  could  easily 
supply. 

Silk  worm  eggs  are  generally  termed  ‘  seed”  by  silk 
raisers.  They  are  nearly  round,  slightly  flattened,  and 
in  size  resemble  turnip  seed.  The  eggs,  when  first  de¬ 
posited,  are  of  a  light  yellow  color,  but  if  they  have  been 
properly  impregnated,  will  turn  a  dark  lilac  and  some¬ 
times  a  dark  green,  according  to  breed. 


8 


SILK  CULTURE. 


This  change  should  take  place,  in  our  climate,  from 
three  to  five  days  after  the  eggs  have  been  laid.  If  they 
remain  yellow,  they  have  not  been  impregnated  and  will 
not  hatch. 

The  butterfly  in  laying  its  eggs,  glues  them  in  a  more 
or  less  adhesive  manner  to  the  object  upon  which  they 
are  deposited.  Cloth  or  blotting  paper  is  used  to  place 
the  butterfly  upon  at  the  time  of  laying.  Silk  worm  eggs 
are  generally  kept  at  the  temperature  of  ice.  The  reason 
of  this  is  to  prevent  the  worms  from  coming  forth,  as  they 
often  will  do  on  warm  days  ;  at  a  time  when  there  is  no 
food  for  them,  that  is  to  say,  before  the  leaves  of  the  osage 
orange  or  mulberry  have  been  sufficiently  developed  to  be 
gathered  for  the  young  worms.  When  the  mulberry 
leaf  has  attained  the  size  of  a  half  dollar,  it  is  time  to  be¬ 
gin  hatching. 

The  Rearing  of  Silk  Worms. 


To  those  parties  who  wTould  like  to  go  into  the  silk 
business,  we  would  say  that  the  best  season  in  which  to 
do  work  in  our  climate  is  from  the  first  or  fifteenth  of 
March  to  the  tenth  of  June.  After  that  date  the  hot. 
weather  sets  in,  the  work  becomes  more  fatiguing,  and 
the  worms  more  liable  to  disease.  The  best  breeds  to 
produce  from  are  those  which  lay  eggs  but  once  during 
the  year.  These  annuals  have  been  found  by  experienced 
silk  culturists  to  be  the  most  profitable.  In  Louisiana, 
however,  we  can  easily  raise  two  crops  of  annuals.  The 
first  crop  from  the  seed  we  raise  ourselves,  beginning  the 
fifteenth  of  March.  This  crop  would  be  completed  by 
the  first  of  May  ;  then  send  North  and  buy  eggs  for  the 
second  crop,  which  could  be  finished  by  the  middle  of 
June. 

The  climate  North  is  so  cold  that  the  mulberry  tree 
does  not  bud  before  the  first  of  May,  and  the  eggs  are  kept 
in  cool,  dry  cellars  until  that  time. 

One  dollar  will  buy  a  thousand  eggs,  and  fifty  cents  will 
buy  a  book  giving  full  instructions.  One  tree  of  ordinary 
size  will  more  than  feed  1000;  eight  trees  of  ordinary  size 


IN  THE  SOUTH. 


9 


will  feed  20,000.  One  table  6x3  will  easily  hold  1500 
worms.  See  how  small  the  capital  invested  !  How  little 
risk  is  run  !  If  one  has  but  one  tree  he  can  experiment  in 
rearing  the  worms  and  obtain  seed  enough  to  enter  largely 
into  the  business  another  year. 

To  rear  silk  worms,  it  is  necessary  to  have  a  room  de¬ 
voted  to  the  purpose.  It  must  be  well  ventilated.  A 
stove  should  be  in  the  room  to  regulate  the  temperature. 
Around  the  walls  of  the  room  shelves,  about  fifteen  inches 
apart,  are  arranged,  one  above  the  other,  as  high  as  is 
necessary  to  hold  the  worms.  Tables  extending  the’ 


length  of  the  room,  with  a  space  sufficient  to  pass  around 
and  between  them,  may  be  made  like  the  shelves,  one 
above  the  other  Upon  these  shelves  paper  of  any  kind 
(old  newspapers  answering  the  purpose  very  well),  may 
be  spread.  The  worms  are  usually  fed  and  raised  upon 
these  tables  and  shelves.  This  is  the  French  way,  but 
we  think  that  some  more  convenient  manner  will  be  in¬ 
troduced  as  soon  as  the  American  people  adopt  silk  cul¬ 
ture  as  a  national  industry.  (See  above  cut.) 


10 


SILK  CULTURE. 


Hatching. 


The  eggs  having  been  kept  at  a  temperature  of  from  40 
to  50  degrees  Far.  should  be  brought  gradually  to  the 
temperature  of  the  outer  air.  In  Louisiana,  the  first  of 
May,  the  temperature  is  generally  about  74° Far.  Flace 
the  eggs  in  a  very  shallow  paper  box.  Spread  them  open, 

,  if  loose.  An  ounce  will  require  a  square  foot  of  surface. 

Place  each  breed  in  a  separate  box  and  each  box  la¬ 
belled  so  as  to  avoid  mistakes.  The  temperature  will 
probably  be  about  70°  to  begin  with,  It  may  be  increased 
about  two  degrees  a  day  up  to  85°  or  even  more,  but  not 
over  90°. 

The  atmosphere  is  likely  to  become  too  dry,  this  may 
be  counteracted  by  sprinkling  or  mopping  the  floor,  or  by 
keeping  a  pot  of  boiling  water  upon  the  stove,  if  one  is 
used  to  heat  the  room.  The  eggs  will  hatch  generally  in 
four  or  five  days.  When  the  eggs  are  about  to  hatch 
they  undergo  a  marked  change  in  color,  passing  from 
dark  lilac  to  a  lighter  shade.  When  the  worm  is  out,  the 
shell  is  left  quite  white. 

The  hatching  takes  place  in  the  morning  and  lasts  three 
or  four  successive  daj^s,  sometimes  longer.  It  is  not 
necessary  to  catch  up  each  little  worm  that  comes  forth, 
as  beginners  are  apt  to  do,  but  save  trouble  by  waiting 
until  a  goodly  number  are  out.  When  the  first  batch 
comes  forth,  spread  very  coarse  mosquito  netting  over 
both  worms  and  eggs,  spread  tender  young  leaves  or 
finely  cut  food  evenly,  but  not  too  thickly  over  the  net. 
The  worms,  seeking  the  food,  will  soon  creep  through  the 
net  and  attach  themselves  to  the  buds  or  leaves.  When 
all  have  crept  through,  lift  the  net  containing  worms  and 
leaves  and  place  it  on  the  shelf  or  table  where  they  are  to 
be  reared.  Repeat  the  operation  for  each  day's  hatch. 
Mark  the  day  of  the  month  and  the  number  of  feeds  given. 
Keep  each  day’s  hatch  carefully  separate. 


IN  THE  SOUTH . 


II 


Feeding. 


Young  silk  worms  should  be  fed,  as  soon  as  hatched, 
on  the  most  tender  leaves.  If  by  beginning  too  late, 
tender  leaves  can  not  be  obtained,  cut  the  leaves  very 
fine,  like  shredded  tobacco,  and  sprinkle  lightly  and 
evenly  over  the  net.  Feed  every  two  hours  during  the 
first  and  second  ages.  If  possible  the  first  feed  should 
be  given  at  5  o’clock  in  the  morning,  and  the  last  at  10 
or  11  o’clock  at  night. 

After  the.  second  age  the  leaves  may  be  cut  a  little 
coarser,  and  still  coarser  after  the  third  molt ;  and  whole 
leaves  may  be  given  after  the  fourth  molt.  Common 
sense  will  teach  anyone  that  the  leaves  may  be  older  and 
tougher  as  the  worm  grows  older.  Still,  they  should 
always  be  green,  fresh  and  free  from  dust,  water,  or  dew. 
Leaves  wet  with  dew  are  especially  injurious. 

The  consumption  of  food  increases  very  rapidly;  the 
worms  are  said  to  consume  their  own  weight  in  leaves 
daily.  One  pound  of  leaves  for  the  first  day  is  necessary 
for  the  worms  from  one  ounce  of  eggs  (which  produces 
about  40,000  worms);  two  pounds  the  second,  three  or 
four  pounds  the  third;  after  this  their  appetite  decreases 
as  the  molting  period  approaches.  During  the  first  and 
second  ages  the  net  should  be  placed  over  the  worms  be¬ 
fore  each  feed,  remembering  that  two  pieces  of  netting, 
at  least,  are  necessary  for  each  tray,  so  as  to  have  a  fresh 
clean  piece  to  spread  over  the  worms  before  each  meal. 
The  size  of  these  pieces  should  be  about  three  feet  long 
by  two  wide,  which  should  be  the  size  of  the  tray.  After 
the  second  age,  the  worms  grow  so  rapidly  that  they  can 
no  longer  pass  through  the  mosquito  netting,  and  some 
other  means  must  be  adopted  to  feed  them  and  also  keep 
them  clear  of  their  dirt.  We  have  no  doubt  that  as  soon 
as  a  sufficient  demand  arises  for  such  production  the  man¬ 
ufacturers  of  net  goods  will  produce  just  what  is  needed 
in  this  business.  It  is  only  necessary  foi*  the  ladies  to 
use  their  energies  in  making  this  beautiful  industry  a 
national  one,  and  then  a  thousand  improvements  will  be 
made  in  the  process  of  feeding  and  rearing  the  silk  worm. 


12 


SILK  CULTURE 


Various  ways  have  been  tried  in  feeding  the  worms  to 
keep  them  out  of  the  trash,  and  at  the  same  time  avoid 
direct  handling;  each  silk  culturist  has  his  own  method. 
We  found  that  feeding  trays,  made  of  frames,  of  conveni¬ 
ent  size,  say  about  three  feet  long  and  two  feet  wide, 
covered  with  coarse  linen  mosquito  barring  (not  net), 
formed  good  trays  for  the  worms  to  rest  upon.  This  af¬ 
fords  them  plenty  of  air^from  underneath,  which  is  al¬ 
ways  necessary.  When  the  netting  is  discarded — which 
will  have  to  be  done  as  the  worms  become  large — make 
frames  of  the  size  of  the  trays  upon  which  the  worms  rest 
by  cutting  little  notches  in  the  frame  or  boring  holes,  or 
driving  small  tacks  around  the  frames,  say  about  an  inch 
apart,  and  crossing  at  right  angles  with  coarse,  strong 
cord  or  twine,  forming  meshes  sufficiently  large  for  the 
index  finger  to  pass  through.  The  worms  have  been 
educated  to  climb  upward,  seeking  food,  therefore,  if  one 
of  these  frames  is  placed  over  them  and  covered  with 
twigs  and  leaves  of  the  mulberry,  they  will  at  once  ascend, 
forsaking  the  tray  beneath.  A  number  of  these  frames 
should  be  made  before  the  time  for  them  arrives.  Small 
pegs,  of  about  two  inches,  should  be  in  the  corner  of  each 
frame  for  it  to  rest  upon,  to  prevent  pressure  upon  the 
worms,  as  they  are  easily  suffocated.  Stiff,  coarse  brown 
paper,  with  holes  pierced  of  the  size  of  ah  ordinary  gun¬ 
wadding,  or  perhaps  a  little  larger,  is  also  used  by  silk 
culturists  to  place  over  the  worms  before  feeding,  but  I 
found  it  very  inconvenient  and  heavy,  and  hot  upon  the 
worms.  All  these  means  are  used  to  keep  the  worms 
clean,  as  this  is  absolutely  necessary.  They  must  also 
have  plenty  of  space  and  air. 

After  the  third  and  fourth  molt  the  litter  should  be 
removed  as  often  as  possible — that  is,  every  two  days. 
Sick  worms  should  be  immediately  removed;  also  all 
dead  ones.  The  consumption  of  food  during  the  last  age 
is  truly  astonishing,  the  worms  from  an  ounce  of  eggs  re¬ 
quiring  about  fifty  pounds  of  leaves  the  first  day  after  the 
fourth  molt;  one  hundred  and  fifty  b}"  the  fourth  day, 
and  double  that  about  the  fifth  and  sixth  and  seventh, 
after  which  the  quantity  falls  off  to  about  one  hundred 
pounds  for  the  eighth  day;  but  much  depends  upon  the 


IN  THE  SOUTH. 


13 


vigor  of  the  worms  and  the  temperature,  wjiich  however, 
should  never  reach  90°.,  It  should  be  lowered  graduall}T 
after  the  hatching  to  about  75°.  During  this  last  age, 
which  is  called  the  fifth  age,  the  greatest  attention  is 
necessary.  The  amount  of  work  is  also  greatly  increased. 
During  the  first  and  second  ages  one  woman  or  a  half- 
grown  girl  or  boy  can  attend  the  worms  from  an  ounce 
of  eggs,  and  a  man  or  boy  can  in  an  hour  or  two,  furnish 
the  leaves  necessary  for  the  worms  from  an  ounce  of 
eggs.  Even  during  the  last  age  one  person  is  sufficient 
in  the  cocoonery,  with  one  to  gather  the  leaves  for  the 
worms  from  a  half  dozen  ounces  of  eggs,  or  even  more, 
with  all  proper  appliances. 

In  Europe,  the  leaves  are  plucked  off  separately, 
whereas  in  California,  after  the  worms  are  ten  days  old. 
the  shoots  are  cut  off  with  their  leaves  instead  of  taking 
off  each  leaf  separately.  The  shoots  are  laid  down  four 
at  a  time,  crossing  one  another  at  the  ends  so  as  to  form 
a  square  —  after  the  leaves  have  been  eaten  off,  four  more 
shoots  are  laid  down  on  top  of  the  others,  and  this  mode 
of  building  up  is  continued  and  the  result  is  a  rectangu¬ 
lar  pen,  the  top  of  which  is  green  and  fresh  and  is  occu¬ 
pied  by  the  worms. 

To  avoid  crowding,  the  space  must  be  increased  as  the 
worms  grow:  they  will  need  double  the  space  the  second 
da\\  To  accomplish  this,  in  feeding,  when  about  half  have 
crept  through  the  net,  remove  to  another  place  and  place 
a  second  piece  of  net  aud  feed  the  remainder.  Do  not  give 
more  than  the  worms  can  eat  at  a  time,  as  by  giving  too  much 
it  gets  hard  before  they  can  eat  it  all ;  and  consequent^  a 
great  deal  of  trash  accumulates,  and  often  the  worms  get 
buried  under  it  and  are  made  weak  and  sick.  A  little 
watchfulness  will  soon  teach  the  quantity  needed.  It  is 
a  good  plan  to  be  methodical  from  the  first  and  weigh 
the  food  given  at  each  meal,  and  each  meal  should  be 
numbered  to  show  how  many  they  have  eaten  in  a  given 
time.  Mr.  Crozier  says  that  after  eighteen  meals  they 
will  go  through  their  first  molt,  but  this  rule  does  not  hold 
good  in  every  case. 

It  is  very  important  that  the  worms  should  grow  evenly, 
therefore  the  feed  should  be  spread  in  such  a  manner  that 


14 


SILK  CULTURE 


all  eat  at  the  game  time.  It  saves  a  great  deal  of  trouble 
to  have  all  of  the  same  tray  or  shelf  begin  spinning  at  the 
same  time. 

In  cutting  the  food  it  is  necessary  to  have  a  very  sharp, 
clean  knife  ;  an  old  razor  is  very  good.  A  good  way  to 
cut  the  leaves  is  to  take  a  large  handful,  cut  the  knife 
down  through  the  center,  and  then  turn  both  ends  to¬ 
gether,  thus  exposing  the  raw  edges,  which  may  then  be 
shaven  evenly  and  rapidly.  Gather  the  leaves  in  the 
evening  for  the  morning  meal.  If  rain  threatens,  gather 
sufficient  for  a  day  ahead  and  keep  in  a  cool  place,  stir¬ 
ring  now  and  then  to  prevent  heating  and  fermentation. 
If  it  continues  to  rain  for  several  days,  the  leaves  must 
be  dried  either  before  a  fire  or  by  shaking  up  in  a  cool, 
airy  place.  If  food  is  scarce,,  lower  the  temperature  of 
the  room;  and  the  worms  will  eat  less. 

If  the  feeding  trays  are  used  as  suggested,  be  careful  to 
prevent  the  food  from  falling  through  the  meshes,  as  the 
worms  will  content  themselves  with  that  which  falls  through  . 
and  will  not  rise  from  the  trash. 


(First  Age,)  (Second  Age.) 


(Third  Age.) 


(Fourth  Age.) 


IN  THE  SOUTH 


15 


(Fifth  Age.) 


1G 


SILK  CULTURE 


MOLTING. 

(  See  Cuts  pages  14  ancl  15,) 


In  common  with  all  caterpillars,  the  silk  worm  sheds 
its  skin.  It  passes  through  this  process  four  tiines.  These 
periods  are  called  moltings,  and  the  interval  between  each 
is  called  an  age. 

From  the  time  of  hatching  to  the  first  molt  is  generally 
about  five  or  six  days,  according  to  the  temperature  and 
care  ;  five  daj’s  from  the  first  to  the  second  molt,  about 
the  same  time  between  the  second  and  third,  and  six  days 
between  the  third  and  fourth.  The  worms  go  through  the 
first  molt  very  easily.  The  fourth  molt  is  the  most  diffi¬ 
cult.  In  the  molting  state  the  worms  are  inactive,  ap¬ 
parently  asleep,  or  even  dead.  When  this  time  approa¬ 
ches  they  lose  their  appetite  and  raise  their  heads ;  some 
curve  so  far  back  as  to  make  head  and  tail  meet.  When 
disturbed  they  shake  their  heads  as  if  impatient.  If  the 
worms  have  been  kept  even,  that  is,  all  eating  at  the  same 
time  from  the  very  first  feed,  all  will  begin  to  molt  at  the 
same  time ;  but,  as  it  frequently  happens,  some  begin 
molting  before  the  others.  When  any  of  a  batch  are  dis¬ 
covered  in  the  torpid  state,  give  a  very  light  feed,  cut 
rather  finely.  This  will  hurry  up  those  that  are  back¬ 
ward.  With  the  feeding  trays  suggested,  however,  it  is 
easy  to  find  the  hungry  ones  and  separate  them  from  the 
molting  ones,  those  that  are  molting  being  of  the  same 
age.  No  food  should  be  given  them  until  a  goodly  num¬ 
ber  are  observed  to  be  in  motion,  then  only  a  light  cut 
feed  should  be  given.  It  is  better  to  let  them  starve  a 
few  hours  until  all  are  through,  as  it  will  save  a  vast  deal 
of  trouble  —  still  one  must  be  sure  not  to  begin  starving 
too  soon.  Several  very  light  feeds  a  day  to  keep  the 
hungry  ones  from  growing  weak,  will  be  necessary 
Those  that  are  molting  do  not  eat,  and  leaves  placed  over 
them  are  apt  to  sicken  and  suffocate  them. 

It  is  difficult  to  distinguish  a  worm  just  coming  out  of 
the  molt  from  one  which  is  approaching  to  that  period. 
An  observant  person  will  know  a  worm  that  has  under¬ 
gone  the  transformation  by  its  lighter  color.  Its  snout 


IN  THE  SOUTH. 


17 


too  changes  in  color  and  becomes  twice  its  former  size. 
The  snout  is  the  only  part  of  the  body  that  grows  no  more 
till  the  next  molting.  The  certain  growth  of  the  nose  or 
snout  shows  a  great  difference  remarkable  among  all 
others  between  the  two  worms  at  all  the  moltings.  It  is 
easily  remarked  by  placing  the  worm  that  has  just  mol¬ 
ted  beside  the  worm  about  to  molt,  side  by  side.  If  the 
worms  on  the  trays  should  become  mixed,  watch  and 
separate  them.  But  the  feeding  trays,  at  the  period  of  molt¬ 
ing,  ought  to -remedy  this.  It  generally  takes  them  about 
twenty-four  hours  to  shed  the  skin,  but  much  depends  upon 
the  temperature.  The  worms  greatly  increase  in  size  after 
each  molt,  and  consequently  the  space  allotted  to  them 
should  be  doubled.  It  is  well  to  cut  the  food  fine  while 
young,  and  coarser  as  they  grow  older  ;  but  if  the  leaf  is 
of  a  fine  quality  and  freshly  plucked,  they  may  be  fed 
whole.  One’s  own  judgment  must  teach  these  little 
points. 

Perhaps  the  best  appliance  in  use  for  the  purpose  of 
feeding  is  that  taken  from  Prof.  Kerr’s  chart,  represented 
by  the  accompanying 
diagram.  It  has  been 
recently  adopted  ex¬ 
tensively  in  France, 
from  the  Italian  silk  x  x 
culturists  of  a  little  Cci^ 
province  (Frioul)  on 
the  North  Adriatic 
near  Trieste.  To  the 
floor  and  ceiling  (or 
joists)  are  fastened  a 
succession  of  parallel 
sets  of  five  uprights,! 
bars  or  sticks,  (which 
should  be  li,  2  or  3 
inches  thick) ;  two  of  ^  ^ 
these  sets  are  repre-  ~ 
sented  as  touching  the  floor  at  1,  2,  3,  4,  5  arid  0,  7,  &c. 
The  uprights  are  about  one  foot  apart  in  these  sets,  and  the 
sets  running  the  length  of  the  room,  about  five  feet  apart,  and 
the  whole  should  be  not  less  than  two  feet  from  the  wall. 


\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

Em 

5JJ 


if  A- 


18 


SILK  CULTURE 


The  uprights  have  sloping  pins  or  nails  driven  into  them 
4i  or  5  inches  apart.  On  these  as  at  A,  A,  A.  A,  and 
C,  0.  C,  C.  are  laid  a  series  of  five  bars  or  sticks,  and 
across  these,  little  rods  br  straight  twigs;  the  first  of  these 
platforms  may  be  5  or  6  inches  from  the  floor,  and  the 
next  C,  C,  C,  C,  say  2  or  3  feet  above  that,  and  so  on  as 
high  as  one  chooses  to  go ;  but  two  are  as  many  as  can 
be  easily  managed  without  steps.  On  these  platforms  are 
placed  the  papers  or  frames  containing  the  young  worms, 
up  to  the  third  (or  fourth)  age,  and  after  that,  the  twigs 
or  small  branches  of  mulberry  leaves  with  the  worms. 
Note  that  all  the  timber  of  both  room  and  apparatus  must 
be  reasoned. 

The  papers  or  trays  containing  the  young  worms  may 
be  laid  on  these  platforms. 


BpGIHG  >LL  THE  WORMS  TO  THE  S/ME  > GE, 


The  eveness  of  the  silk  worm  is  of  the  greatest  impor¬ 
tance.  The  age  of  silk  worms  is  counted  by  the  number 
of  meals  they  have  eaten,  and  not  by  the  days  they  have 
spent  from  their  birth.  Their  appetite  depends  upon  the 
temperature.  At  a  cold  temperature  they  are  benumbed 
and  eat  but  little.  Hence  the  rule  to  feed  plentifully 
in  warm  weather.  The  more  rapid  the  breeding,  the 
sooner  one  is  freed  from  the  labor  and  care  incidental  to 
a  crop.  Some  leading  breeders  say  :  give  fire;  air  and  leaf. 
In  Louisiana  our  climate  furnishes  us  with  air  and  heat, 
therefore  we  have  only  to  keep  clean,  give  plenty  of  space 
and  leaf. 

In  order  to  bring  the  worms  to  the  same  age,  take  the 
first  day’s  hatch,  place  them  in  a  room  where  it  is  some¬ 
what  cooler  than  the  others  are.  Feed  them  only  twice 
or  three  times  a  day,  meanwhile  feed  .the  second  day’s 
hatch  five  or  six  times  a  day  till  the  second  hatch  over¬ 
takes  the  first ;  then  carry  the  second  hatch  to  the  cooler 
room  to  join  the  first,  and  both  are  then  fed  alike  but 
twice  or  three  times  a  day.  The  third  and  fourth  may  be 


IN  THE  SOUTH. 


19 


pushed  forward  in  like  manner  by  warmth  and  numerous 
feeds  until  all  are  of  the  same  age  and  may  then  be  treated 
alike.  They  should  all  go,  if  possible,  through  the  molt 
at  the  same  time,  then  all  will  go  to  spinning  at  the  same 
time.  The  above  has  been  copied  from  Mr.  Crozier’s  book 
on  silk  culture. 

This  mode  of  proceeding  requires  much  care  for  several 
days,  but  it  will  pay  in  the  end  by  shortening  the  number 
of  days  of  a  crop.  The  above  process  is  not,  however,  ab¬ 
solutely  necessary,  and  can  be  dispensed  with  by  parties 
who  do  not  sufficiently  understand  how  to  carry  it 
through.  It  will  only  make  a  difference  of  a  few  days,  say 
ten  at  most,  in  the  result. 


SPINNING. 


When  ready  to  make  their  silk,  which  is  eight  or  ten 
days  after  the  fourth  molt,  the  worms  cease  to  eat.  They 
become  restless,  empty  themselves,  grow  smaller  in  size, 
and  assume  a  transparent  yellowish  hue.  When  any  are 
observed  in  this  state,  give  a  few  light  feeds  to  hurry  up 
the  entire  batch.  Some  arrangements  must  then  be  made 
for  them  to  spin.  If  you  have  but  a  few,  paper  cases 
three  or  four  inches  long  will  do  ;  drop  a  worm  that  you 
are  quite  sure  wishes  to  spin,  into  one  of  those  cases  and 
close  it  at  both  ends.  These  make  very  pure  clean 
cocoons. 

If,  however,  you  have  a  great  many,  it  will  be  necessary 
to  have  light  twigs,  or  rice  straw  placed  very  loosely  over 
the  twigs  on  each  side  of  the  feeding  trays,  so  that  the 
worms  may  quit  eating  whenever  they  please  and  go  in¬ 
to  the  branches.  The  best  material  we  have  found  for 
this  is  the  small  cane  reeds  that  grow  in  low  places.  Cut 
the  reeds  near  the  limbs,  so  as  to  bring  them  low  to  the 
shelf.  Stand  the  cane  stems  on  the  lower  shelf  and  press 
the  brushy  portion  up  under  the  shelf  above.  Two  rows, 
with  the  branches  well  and  firmly  fastened  above,  forming 
arches  (similar  to  cut  on  next  page)  about  fourteen  inches 


20 


SILK  CULTURE. 


apart  is  about  the  best  arrangement  one  can  make  for  the 
worms  to  spin  upon  ;  but  loose  straw  or  wood  shavings 
laid  loosely  around  them  will  also  be  used  by  the  worms. 

As  the  worms  begin  to  spin  see  that  no  two  spin  together, 
as  double  cocoons  can  not  be  reeled.  Some  breeds  of 
silk  worms  are  much  quicker  than  others  in  finishing  their 
cocoons,  the  Japanese  green  is  perhaps  the  healthiest  of 
all  breeds.  Their  cocoons,  however,  are  small.  It  gener¬ 
ally  takes  from  three  to  four  days  for  the  worms  to  finish 
spinning  their  silk  ;  by  taking  a  cocoon  and  givingit  a  gentle 
shake,  if  ripe,  it  will  rattle  as  though  a  loose  pea-nut  were 
in  the  nut  shell. 

If  the  weather  should  happen  to  be  cool  during  spin¬ 
ning  time,  warm  the  room  and  keep  its  temperature  at 
about  80°  until  the  worms  are  done.  This  is  to  facilitate 
the  exudation  of  the  glue  which  produces  the  silk. 


SUMMING  UP. 


To  sum  up  the  principle  points  in  silk  culture, 

1.  Have  good  and  healthy  eggs. 

2.  Have  them  hatch  well  and  in  due  season. 

3.  Keep  as  many  worms  as  possible  in  a  uniform  state 
of  progress  so  that  all  will  molt  together. 


IN  THE  SOUTH 


21 


4.  Feed  regularly,  plentifully  according  to  directions 
given. 

5.  Give  an  abundance  of  fresh  air. 

6.  Keep  a  uniform  temperature  avoiding  sudden  chan¬ 
ges. 

7.  Give  plenty  of  room  and  avoid  crowding. 

8.  Preserve  the  greatest  cleanliness  at  all  times. 

9.  Give  food  of  the  right  kind.  The  white  mulberry 
being  far  the  best  of  all  kinds. 

10.  Give  fresh  leaves — not  wet  with  dew  or  rain — not 
dusty  nor  wilted. 


GATHER  AND  SORTING  THE  COCOONS. 


In  eight  or  ten  days  after  the  commencement  of  the 
spinning,  the  cocoons  are  ready  to  gather.  Separate  the 
arches  of  brush  carefully.  Remove  first  all  discolored  and 
soft  cocoons,  keeping  these  separate  from  the  firm  sound 
ones.  If  kept  together  the  latter  would  be  discolored  and 
much  depreciated  in  value.  Tear  off  the  loose  (floss)  silk 
which  envelopes  the  cocoons. 


Choking  or  Stifling  the  Chrysalides. 


In  twelve  or  fifteen  days  from  the  time  the  worms  begin  to 
spin,  the  moth,  or  butterfly  will  issue  from  the  cocoon, 
and  in  the  process  the  strands  of  silk  will  be  cut  and 
spoiled.  To  prevent  this,  the  chrysalis  should  be  killed 
— stifled.  This  is  commonly  and  best  accomplished  by 
steaming,  but  as  that  is  troublesome  and  difficult,  without 
proper  appliances,  in  our  climate  the  stifling  may  usually 
be  effected  by  exposing  the  cocoons  to  the  rays  of  the  hot 
sunshine  from  9  o’clock  until  4,  for  two  or  three  days. 
A  longer  time  is  needed  if  there  is  much  air  stirring,  or 


22 


SILK  CULTURE 


the  sunshine  is  not  strong  enough.  The  process  is  surer  if 
conducted  in  a  shallow  box  under  glass,  with  a  crevice  for 
the  escape  of  moisture.  In  either  case  guard  against 
ants. 

The  stifling  should  be  attended  to  as  soon  as  the  cocoons 
are  gathered,  lest  cloudy  weather  should  intervene.  In 
this  case,  (and  perhaps  better  in  any  case)  the  result  may 
be  reached  by  packing  the  cocoons  in  a  barrel,  carefully 
lined  with  paper,  so  as  to  be  nearly  air-tight,  with  alternate 
sprinkling  of  camphor,  roughly  granulated  in  the  hand, 
beginning  with  camphor  on  the  bottom,  then  three  or  four 
inches  of  cocoons,  again  camphor  and  so  on,  finally  clo¬ 
sing  the  barrel  for  two  or  three  days ;  using  about  a 
pound  of  camphor  to  the  barrel. 

After  two  or  three  days  spread  the  cocoons  on  boards 
or  shelves  to  dry  in  an  airy  room  or  attic,  stirring  frequently 
the  first  two  or  three  days,  and  afterwards  occasionally, 
for  about  two  months,  when  they  will  be  thoroughly  dry 
and  may  be  packed  for  market.  Guard  must  be  well  kept 
against  rats  and  mice,  ants  and  smaller  insects,  which  will 
penetrate  the  chrysalis  and  injure  the  silk.  The  latter 
may  be  expelled  by  sprinkling  of  camphor  or  by  the  bark 
of  the  sassafras  root,  or  chips  of  red  cedar,  tobacco  stems, 
etc.,  etc. 

The  above  is  Professor  Kerr’s  method,  yet  we  think  a 
simple  homely  way  of  steaming  may  be  adopted  by  any 
housewife  who  has  a  large  boiler,  and  an  open  work 
basket  of  any  kind.  Set  the  basket  containing  the  cocoons 
over  the  boiling  water ;  throw  a  piece  of  blanket  over  the 
whole,  or  better  still  if  it  can  be  so  arranged  as  to  let 
the  basket  into  the  boiler  (but  not  so  low  as  to  touch  the 
water)  and  all  be  covered  together  ;  not  a  great  deal  of  water 
being  necessary  as  it  is  the  hot  steam  that  kills  the  chrysa¬ 
lids.  The  water  should  be  boiling  before  placing  the  co¬ 
coons  over  it.  Stir  from  the  bottom  occasionally  In 
about  twenty-five  minutes  the  chrysalids  will  be  dead. 
Open  one  or  two,  and  if  they  no  longer  move  they  are 
dead.  Take  the  cocoons  from  the  boiler  and  spread  them 
out  to  dry  in  the  sun,  stirring  now  and  then. 


IN  THE  SOUTH 


23 


THE  COCOON. 


The  cocoon  is  composed  of  one  continuous  thread.  The 
usual  size  of  cocoons  raised  in  this  country  is  somewhat 
smaller  than  a  pigeon  egg — though  some  breeds  produce 
much  larger  ones.  The  shape  is  oblong  with  well-rounded 
ends,  and  the  handsomest  ones  have  a  constriction  in  the 
center.  It  is  difficult  to  determine  which  cocoon  contains 
a  male  or  female  chrysalis,  however,  the  larger  cocoons, 
as  a  general  rule,  contain  the  female,  as  she  being  full  of 
eggs,  of  course,  requires  more  room. 

The  silken  cords  and  cables  by  which  the  worm  attaches 
his  cocoon  to  the  branches  in  order  to  secure  it,  is  the 
loose  floss  silk,  which  commands  a  small  price  in  market. 
The  real  silk  is  the  hard  firm  shell  which  surrounds  the 
chrysalis.  This  shell  is  formed  by  the  thread  from  the 
mouth  of  the  worm  which  he  lays  in  loops  like  a  figure  8, 
and  as  it  hardens  instantly  after  leaving  his  mouth — it 
becomes  a  hard  shell.  The  worm  continues  to  turn  and 
spin  in  small  patches  as  it  were  until  he  gets  the  outside 
shell  formed.  He  may  be  seen  fitting  himself  to  it,  stretch¬ 
ing  his  full  length,  and  holding  himself  thus  while  the  shell 
hardens  into  shape;  he  then  continues  to  spin  layer  after 
layer  until  all  is  out  of  his  body,  and  then  sleeps  until  his 
resurrection  with  wings.  The  thread  on  these  cocoons  vary 
according  to  vigor,  size  and  breed  of  worms ;  some  run  as 
high  as  eight  hundred  yards. 


RAISING  OF  THE  EGGS. 


To  raise  silk-worm  eggs  for  the  market,  the  greatest  care 
is  necessary.  Select  the  finest  cocoons  ;  those  that  are 
most  elegant  in  shape  are  slender  in  the  middle  and  roun- 


24 


SILK  CULTURE 


ded  at  the  ends.  They  must  be  firm  and  hard.  The  soft 
cocoons  should  always  be  removed,  as  they  are  defective, 
the  worm  having  died  before  completing  his  cocoon. 

If  the  breed  be  white,  select  the  purest  white,  if  yellow, 
the  straw  colored,  or  nankin  yellow  are  preferred;  if 
Japanese  green,  take  the  sharpest  green. 

Having  selected  the  cocoons  for  seed,  thread  a  needle 
with  a  strong,  but  not  coarse  thread.  Pass  the  needle 
through  a  thread  or  two  of  each  cocoon,  being  careful  not 
to  pierce  deep  enough  to  injure  the  chrysalis,  and  proceed 
to  string  a  sufficient  number  of  cocoons  to  form  a  wreath 
or  chaplet  of  convenient  size,  by  tying  the  ends  of  the 
thread  together.  Suspend  these  chaplets  upon  a  rod,  or  stick 
nailed  to,  but  projecting  from  the  wall  in  order  to  keep 
ants  and  mice  from  them.  The  object  of  the  wreath  being 
to  secure  cleanliness. 


The  butterfly  comes  forth  in  ten  or  fifteen  days,  accord¬ 
ing  to  climate.  The  males  are  easily  distinguished  from 
the  females,  they  are  smaller,  more  slender,  with  incessant 
buttering  of  the  wings.  The  females  are  more  quiet,  they 
are  heavy  bodied,  being  full  of  eggs.  The  moths  do  not 
fly,  and  as  they  come  forth  every  morning,  generally  they 
will  all  be  paired  or  mated  by  half-past  eight.  If  as  it 
sometimes  happens  they  are  some  distance  from  each  other, 
bring  close  and  they  will  immediately  pair. 

As  soon  as  your  moths  are  paired,  take  them,  male  or 
female,  by  both  wings,  set  them  upon  a  piece  of  blotting 
paper,  pasteboard,  or  unbleached  cotton  cloth  tacked 
against  the  wall  or  suspended  from  a  rod  in  a  darkened 
closet  or  corner, (always  mindful  of  spiders,  ants,  roaches 
and  mice).  If  kept  in  the  light,  the  males  keep  fluttering 


IN  THE  SOUTH 


25 


and  are  apt  to  be  uncoupled  and  thereby  prevent  impreg¬ 
nation.  They  should  remain  together  for  six  hours,  after 
that  they  should  be  separated.  Watch  them  carefully 
during  the  six  hours  to  see  that  they  remain  together. 
Should  there  be  more  males  than  females  do  not  throw 
them  awa}7,  but  preserve  the  handsomest  in  a  box  as  some 
days  there  may  be  more  females,  and  they  will  be 
needed. 

If  any  moths  come  forth  stained,  badly  shaped,  or  looking 
as  though  they  had  been  burnt  or  blistered,  and  with  not 
enough  down  or  feathery  substance  upon  them — throw 
them  away  at  once,  as  they  are  evidently  touched  with 
disease.  When  large  quantities  of  eggs  are  produced  and 
many  moths  are  to  be  uncoupled — always  place  a  gauze 
veil  over  the  face — as  the  fluttering  of  the  wings  sends 
forth  a  kind  of  down  that  is  not  agreeable  andfrom  which 
one  can  protect  himself  by  the  veil. 

Take  a  piece  of  rather  stiff  blotting  paper,  about  four¬ 
teen  inches  inlengthand  eightinches in  width  ;  tackagainst 
the  wall  so  as  to  let  the  top  extend  outwardly  after  the 
manner  of  hanging  a  mirror  or  picture  frame.  The  object 
being  tp  secure  cleanliness,  as  the  droppings  ofthe  butter¬ 
flies  if  allowed  to  fall  upon  the  eggs,  would  discolor  them 
and  render  them  unfit  for  market.  Upon  this  piece  of 
blotting  paper,  place  one  hundred  and  fifty  females,  they 
will  produce,  provided  the  worm  was  well  fed.  one  ounce 
of  eggs  The  moth  will  stick  to  the  blotting  paper  until 
removed. 

Care  must  be  taken  to  weigh  the  blotting  paper  or  cloth 
used  to  receive  the  eggs  beiore  the  mothsare  placed  upon 
it,  in  order  to  ascertain  the  exact  weight  of  the  eggs 
deposited. 

KEEPING  OF  THE  EGGS. 


Keeping  the  eggs  from  hatching  too  soon,  and  also 
keeping  them  in  proper  condition,  is  of  much  importance. 
The  eggs  should  be  kept  dry ;  they  should  have  air  to 
keep  them  from  molding.  There  is  no  danger  of  eggs 


2G 


SILK  CULTURE 


hatching  under  seven  or  eight  months,  even  if  kept  in  a 
kitchen  with  fire  in  it,  they  are  like  fresh  eggs;  but  as  the 
weather  becomes  cool  the  worm  begins  slowly  to  form, 
and  in  December,  a  few  of  the  hardiest  will  begin  to  hatch  ; 
and  all  through  our  Southern  winters,  a  few  will  hatch 
out  on  warm  moist  days.  If  we  had  food  for  them  in 
sufficient  quant  iries  we  might  proceed  to  hatch  out  a  num¬ 
ber  and  rear  them  ;  but  as  a  frost  may  come  any  day  and 
kill  the  leaf,  if  any  should  be  out,  we  must  not  venture 
upon  hatching  the  eggs  too  soon.  If  the  eggs  could  be 
kept  at  a  temperature  of  from  4 5°  to  50°  F.  and  have  air, 
up  to  the  time  of  going  regularly  to  the  hatching  they  would 
be  in  a  very  good  condition.  Experiments  have  been 
made  in  New  Orleans  of  keeping  the  eggs  hermetically 
sealed  in  a  tin  box  kept  in  ice,  and  proved  complete  fail¬ 
ures. 

The  most  certain  mode  of  keeping  the  eggs  according 
to  Mr.  Rochi,  is  to  send  them  to  some  reliable  party  in 
the  North  where  they  can  be  kept  in  dry  cellars.  A  per¬ 
forated  tin  box  containing  millions  of  eggs  may  be  sent  by 
express  for  twenty-five  cents,  to  New  York,  Boston  or 
any  other  place  of  same  temperature.  When  .ready  for 
them  they  can  be  sent  for,  and  will  begin  to  hatch  in  a 
day  or  two  after  they  reach  the  gulf  States. 

The  eggs  must  be  protected  from  rats  and  mice,  roaches 
and  a  very  minute  insect  that  seems  to  infest  them  in  our 
climate.  I  have  kept  the  eggs  in  a  very  fine  condition, 
(with  an  occasional  loss  of  a  few  dmdng  warm  days  in 
winter)  by  simply  sealing  them  in  large  envelopes  and 
suspending  them  in  a  cool  airy  place. 

REGULATING  THE  HATCHING  OF  SILK-W0f[M  EGGS. 


Duelaux,  after  a  careful  observation  of  the  external 
conditions  which  favor  and  influence  the  hatching  of  the 
eggs  of  silk  worms,  has  prepared  the  following  rules,  by 
attention  to  which  it  is  said  that  the  development  of  the 
eggs  can  be  regulated  at  will.  First  to  prevent  an  egg 
from  being  hatched  at  the  usual  time,  it  must  be  kept, 


IN  THE  SOUTH. 


27 


from  i lie  period  of  being  laid,  at  a  temperature  between 
59°  and  68°  F.,  and  then  exposed  fourteen  days  to  cold, 
three  months  before  the  time  at  which  the  hatching  is 
desired,  being  subsequently  treated  in  the  usual  man¬ 
ner.  To  cause  an  egg  to  hatch  before  the  usual  time,  it 
must  be  exposed  to  cold  twenty  days  after  being  laid,  and 
kept  in  that  condition  for  two  months,  and  then  removed. 
Six  weeks  later  it  will  be  in  the  same  condition  as  an 
ordinary  egg,  and  can  be  treated  in  the  same  manner. 
In  this  way  it  is  possible  to  have  silk  worms  ready  for 
hatching  at  any  season  of  the  year. 


Diseases  of  Silk  Worms. 


I  do  not  think  it  worth  while  to  enter  into  a  minute 
description  of  the  diseases  of  the  silk  worms,  as  no  remedy, 
so  far,  has  been  discovered  lor  any  of  them.  Pebrine  is  a 
disease  indicated  by  black  spots  upon  the  worm,  and  the 
caudal  appendage  looks  as  though  it  had  been  burnt. 

Mr.  Pasteur,  after  long  and  careful  experiments  has 
established  the  fact  that  corpuscles  are  a  symptom  of 
pebrine,  and  excluding  each  moth  invaded  by  corpuscles 
from  the  production  of  eggs,  he  almost  succeeded  in  regen¬ 
erating  the  race  of  silk  worms. 

Blight — flacherie — or  death  by  fading  or  withering,  is 
one  of  the  most  dreadful  diseases  In  most  cases,  the 
symptoms  commence  with  a  kind  of  numbness.  The 
worms  cannot  eat,  but  show  a  disposition  to  leave  the 
tables,  wandering  off  the  edges  as  if  to  escape  This 
disease  is  hereditary  and  contagious,  and  any  woim  show¬ 
ing  symptoms  of  disease  should  be  immediately  removed. 
Flatness  is  a  dreadful  disease  which  attacks  the  worms 
just  as  they  are  ready  to  spin.  This  disease  is  said  to  be 
accidental  and  sometimes  hereditary,  but  it  is  not  contagious 
The  Muscardine  is  known  by  a  peculiar  floury  substance 
coming  upon  the  worm  after  death.  It  is  caused  perhaps 
from  dampness;  bad  ventilation,  breeding,  fermentation 


28 


SILK  CULTURE 


of  the  accumulated  leaves.  If  the  eggs  procured  are  free 
from  disease,  the  silk  culturist  need  only  take  care  to  pre¬ 
serve  good  hygienic  conditions  and  lie  is  not  likely  to  be 
troubled  with  disease  among  his  worms. 


Enemies  to  Silk  Worms, 


Rats  and  mice  are  very  fond  of  silkworms,  and  will  use 
every  means  to  reach  them.  One  rat  will  destroy  hun¬ 
dreds  of  them  in  a  single  night.  Ants,  also,  must  be  guard¬ 
ed  against.  The  red  ant  is  very  destructive,  eating  them 
gradually,  and  stinging  them  to  death  Birds  will  also 
fly  into  the  cocoonery  and  seize  them  almost  before  your 
eyes.  Tobacco  smoke  or  tobacco  smell  is  death  to  silk 
worms.  I  placed  a  few  young  ones  in  a  box  ihat  had 
once  contained  cigars,  but  which  had  been  emptied  for 
over  a  year,  but  about  which  still  lingered  a  faint  odor  of 
tobacco.  The  worms  all  died. 


IN  THE  SOUTH 


29 


TEMPERATURE. 


The  first  point  in  raising  silk  worms  is  temperature. 
The  worm  needs  a  warmth  of  85°  for  hatching,  75°  while 
feeding,  and  80°  while  spinning.  These  temperatures 
are  not  indispensable,  but  they  are  the  best.  The  follow* 
ing  table  shows  the  temperature  of  every  month,  at  various 
points  in  the  United  States,  and  at  certain  cities  in  silk 
districts  of  the  world: 


PLACES. 

January. 

February . 

|  March 

April. 

i 

1  ' 

| 

!  os 

1?. 

|  June. 

1 

73 

•-a 

August. 

September 

October. 

November. 

December. 

Average  of 
Year.  | 

o 

o 

O 

O 

o 

O 

o 

O 

O 

O 

6 

O 

O 

San  Francisco . .  . 

49 

51 

52 

55 

|  55 

56 

57 

57 

58 

54 

54 

51 

54 

Humboldt  Bav  ... 

40 

43 

47 

54 

53 

58 

58 

57 

57 

48 

48 

45 

57 

Monterey. . 

50 

50 

51 

53 

56 

57 

58 

59 

59 

54 

54 

50 

55 

San  Diego . 

i  51 

53 

56 

61 

62 

67 

72 

73 

70 

56 

56 

51 

62 

Sonima.  .  . 

45 

47 

47 

51 

53 

;  62 

65 

66 

66 

67 

58 

58 

46 

58 

Renicia . 

52 

53 

57 

59 

67 

67 

66 

64 

54 

54 

47 

58 

Los  Angeles . 

52 

55 

58 

73 

75 

75 

75 

59 

59 

60 

Jam  pa . 

54 

54 

56 

62 

63 

70- 

73 

73 

72 

57 

57 

52 

63 

Fort  Jones . 

31 

37 

43 

49 

54 

61 

71 

68 

62 

41 

41 

32 

51 

Fort  Reading . 

44 

49 

54 

59 

!  65 

79 

82 

79 

71 

52 

52 

44 

62 

Meadow  Valley . 

34 

32 

41 

6i 

66 

71 

68 

57 

44 

44 

32 

Grass  Valley. . 

27 

37 

38 

44 

I  49 

52 

63 

58 

53 

43 

43 

36 

46 

Sacramento. . 

j  45 

48 

51 

59 

1  67 

71 

73 

73 

66 

52 

52 

45 

59 

Fort  Miller .  . 

47 

53 

56 

62 

68 

83 

!  90 

83 

76 

55 

55 

48 

66 

Fort  Yuma . 

56 

58 

66 

73 

76 

87 

!  92 

90 

86 

64 

64 

55 

73 

^Dalles . 

33 

40 

46 

53 

j  59 

67 

|  73 

70 

61 

41 

41 

33 

52 

Fort  Hall  . 

24 

24 

25 

42 

63 

59 

34 

34 

22 

Salt  Lake  City .  ... 

27 

34 

39 

50 

63 

71 

76 

75 

67 

41 

41 

31 

52 

Fort  Defiance . 

26 

30 

38 

46 

I  51 

69 

69 

67 

56 

36 

35 

29 

46 

►San  Antonio,  Tex . . 

53 

57 

63 

69 

76 

80 

82 

83| 

79 

61 

61 

50 

69 

Santa  Fd . 

31 

33 

40 

51 

57 

68 

72  ! 

70  j 

61 

38 

38 

30 

50 

Laramie  . 

31 

32 

36 

47  | 

56 

67 

74  1 

73  ! 

64 

35 

35 

28 

50 

Memphis . 

41 

45 

55 

59 

68 

75 

79  ! 

78 

72 

53 

53  i 

40 

60 

New  Orleaus. . 

54 

56 

62 

69 

74 

79 

81  I 

81 

78 

60 

60 

56 

68 

Charleston . 

50 

52 

58 

65  1 

73  j 

79 

81 

80 

76 

59 

59  ! 

52 

66 

Richmond . 

33 

39 

47 

54  i 

65 

73 

77 

74 

67 

44 

44  1 

38 

56 

St.  Louis . 

32 

35 

44 

58 

66 

74 

78 

76 

68 

40 

40  1 

33 

55 

Cincinnati . 

33 

34 

43 

54  ! 

63 

71 

76 

74 

66 

42 

42  j 

33 

53 

Chicago . .  . 

23 

24 

32 

46  ! 

56 

62 

70 

68 

60 

37 

37 

29 

46 

New  York  Citv . 

30 

30 

38 

48  | 

59 

68 

74 

73 

65 

43 

43 

33 

51 

Nagasaki . . 

43 

44 

50 

61 

69 

77 

80 

83  ! 

78 

53 

53 

47 

62 

Canton .  . 

52 

55 

62 

70 

77 

81 

83 

82 

80 

65 

65 

57 

69 

Ambala  India . 

51 

60 

70 

80  ! 

99 

96 

84 

86 

84 

64 

64 

56 

75 

Constantinople. .  . . 

41 

42 

44 

50 

6i 

69 

76 

74! 

69 

59 

56 

41 

57 

Milan  . . . . 

33 

38 

46 

54  ! 

63  | 

70 

74 

73  1 

65 

45 

45 

36 

54 

Madrid . 

44 

45 

49  | 

55  j 

62  1 

69 

76 

76  ! 

68 

46 

46 

43 

58 

Toulouse . 

39 

41 

46  I 

53 

61 

66 

70 

71 

65 

48 

48 

42 

55 

30 


SILK  CULTURE. 


THE  MULBERRY. 


The  silk  grower  must  have  food  for  the  worms;  this  is 
the  leaf  of  the  white  mulberry,  which  isth£  natural  food  of 
the  silk  worm,  and  of  course  produces  the  finest  quality  of 
silk,  although  a  very  good  quality  is  produced  by  feeding 
on  the  leaf  of  the  black  mulberry,  and  also  of  the  osage 
orange.  The  worms,  however,  should  be  fed  on  this  leaf 
from  the  first,  as  I  found  that  they  turned  in  disdain  from 
the  osage  orange  leaf  after  having  been  fed  on  the  mul¬ 
berry. 

There  are  a  great  many  varieties  of  mulberry,  but  the 
kind  known  as  the  white  mulberry,  bearing  an  insipidly 
sweet  white  berry,  is  the  best.  This  species  which  pro¬ 
duces  the  most  beautiful  silk  has  leaves  alternate  glossy 
on  the  upper  side,  smooth  on  both  sides,  oval,  tough,  with 
a  little  heart-shaped  cut  at  the  base,  denticulated  on  the 
edge. 

The  black  fruit  Morus  Multicaidis,  with  great  leaves  as 
large  as  a  dinner  plate,  soft,  silky  and  fine,  is  excellent  food 
for  the  worms  while  young,  that  is,  in  the  first  and  second 
age;  they  should,  however,  be  gradually  withdrawn,  and 
the  white  mulberry  substituted,  which  being  a  little  heavier 
and  tougher  is  better  as  the  worm  grows  older. 

The  mulberry  is  propagated  from  seed,  cuttings  and 
layers.  The  trees  are  said  to  be  hardier  and  live  longer 
when  propagated  from  the  seed.  The  white  mulberry  is 
said  to  grow  best  in  light  sandy  or  gravelly  soil.  Two 
hundred  trees  may  be  planted  on  an  acre  of  ground.  In 
three  years  they  will  yield,  under  fair  conditions  of  climate, 
of  soil  and  cultivation,  fifteen  or  twenty  pounds  of  leaves 
each,  or  more  than  4.500  pounds  to  the  acre.  (These 
calculations  are  made  for  the  poorest  soil,  but  in  the  rich 
lowlands  of  Louisiana  the  yield  is  far  beyond  this.) 

The  trees  are  generally  dwrarfed  or  trimmed  low  and 
bushy  so  as  to  render  the  labor  less  in  gathering  the  leaves. 

The  manner  of  planting  in  California  is  well  adapted 
to  the  rapid  production  of  leaves.  The  cuttings  with  three 


IN  THE  SOUTH 


31 


eyes  each  are  placed  in  rows  four  feet  apart,  and  six  inches 
apart  in  the  rows.  The  ground  should  be  well  cultivated 
and  kept  clear  of  weeds.  According  to  Mr.  Haynie,  of 
Sacramento,  about  eight  tons  of  leaves  may  be  gathered 
the  first  year  from  an  acre.  The  leaves  should  not  all  be 
picked  off;  at  least  three  should  be  left.  In  a  proper  soil 
and  favorable  season  the  tree  will  have  as  many  leaves 
ten  days  after  having  been  plucked  as  it  had  before.  A 
moist  soil  is  necessary  to  start  the  growth  of  the  cuttings; 
and  after  the  tree  is  several  years  old  it  will  stand  the 
water  as  well  as  the  willow.  It  is  therefore  in  no  danger 
from  an  occasional  overflow. 

I  would  like  to  call  the  attention  of  our  farmers  to  the 
value  of  this  tree.  It  grows  to  the  hight  of  forty  feet  and 
upwards,  with  a  trunk  from  four  to  eight  feet  in  circumfer¬ 
ence,  and  forms  a  beautiful  shade  tree.  It  grows  rapidly  and 
lives  to  a  great  age.  The  wood  has  a  compact  grain  that 
takes  a  fine  polish.  It  is  good  for  vine  and  fence  posts, 
as  it  lasts  long  in  the  ground  ;  it  is  also  good  for  coopers’ 
work,  making  excellent  barrel  staves,  said  to  be  as  good 
as  oak.  The  bark  yields  a  fine  fiber,  which  may  prove  of 
great  value  in  the  future.  In  Louisiana  the  roots  are 
sought  for  to  make  the  prows  and  ribs  of  small  pirogues 
and  skiffs.  Doubtless  many  other  uses  may  be  found  to 
which  this  valuable  tree  may  be  applied,  of  which  we 
know  nothing. 


Production  of  the  Mulberry. 


The  first  question  asked  by  parties  interested  in  silk 
culture  is,  “How  many  worms  can  be  fed  from  an  acre 
of  mulberry  trees?”  In  answer  to  this,  I  may  say  that  a 
great  deal  depends  upon  the  soil  and  climate. 

Mr.  Crozier,  an  old  silk  culturist  in  Louisiana,  says 
that  one  acre  after  three  or  four  years  will  feed  from 
80,000  to  100,000  worms,  or  two  and  one-half  ounces; 
producing  from  100  to  150  pounds  of  cocoons.  These 


32 


SILK  CULTURE 


calculations  hold  good  in  Louisiana,  where  the  mulberry 
grows  in  one  season  from  a  small  cutting  to  the  height  of 
from  ten  to  twelve  feet. 

Mr.  Fasnack,  of  North  Carolina,  where  the  climate  is 
colder  and  the  soil  is  less  prod uctive,  says,  that  “one  acre 
after  three  years  will  yield  more  than  two  thousand 
pounds  of  leaves.  Eighteen  hundred  pounds  of  leaves 
will  suffice  for  an  ounce  of  eggs,  that  will  produce  from 
50  to  75  pounds  of  cocoons.  After  seven  or  eight  years 
the  yield  is  ten  fold.” 

Silk  culture  being  a  new  industry  in  our  country,  we 
all  have  much  to  learn  in  regard  to  it,  but  enough  has 
been  shown  to  prove  that  it  will  be  a  valuable  addition 
to  our  yearly  crops. 


Yield  per  Acre, 

From  Agricultural  Report  of  1868. 


An  acre  planted  in  mulberry  trees,  when  four  years 
old,  should  produce  5,000  pounds  of  leaves  to  the  acre: 
that  is  5,000  pounds  suitable  for  feeding,  and,  during 
feeding  time,  without  injury  to  the  tree.  Those  leaves 
should  feed  at  least  140,000  worms  which  will  produce 
70,000  female  moths,  and  these  will  lay  300  eggs  each, 
or  21,000,000  in  all.  After  deducting  5,000,000  for 
possible  loss,  we  have  16,000,000  eggs,  or  400  ounces 
for  sale,  or  $1,600  per  acre.  In  France  the  expense  of 
breeding  75,000  worms,  including  the  cost  of  the  eggs, 
$6,  the  leaves,  $28,  the  labor  of  two  persons  for  forty 
days,  $64,  fire  $4,  and  incidental  expenses,  $10,  amounts 
to  $112.  Mr.  Prevost  says  that  one  person  can  do  all 
the  work  in  California  for  75,000  worms,  and  the  expense 
to  the  farmer  who  has  his  own  eggs  and  mulberry  plan¬ 
tation  should  not  exceed  $1  per  ounce  of  eggs.  At  $4 
per  ounce  an  acre  would  thus  yield  $1,200  net.  At  $2 
per  ounce,  the  common  price  in  France  for  French  eggs, 
the  net  yield  would  be  $400  per  acre.  Skillful  French 
silk  growers  expect  to  get  $800  from  an  acre  of  mulberry 


IN  THE  SOUTH. 


33 


plantation.  We  have  followed  the  best  authorities  in 
stating  that  5,000  pounds  of  leaves  will  feed  140,000 
worms,  but  some  writers  say  5.000  pounds  to  70,000 
worms  ;  and  their  statement  must  not  be  left  out  of  calcula¬ 
tions.  Let  us  now  consider  the  profit  that  may  be  derived 
from  the  sale  of  cocoons.  The  acre  will  produce  140,000 
worms,  or,  allowing  35.000  for  loss,  105,000  cocoons, 
which  will  weigh  420  pounds,  and  be  worth  $1.50  per 
pound,  or  $630.00  in  all. 


PROFITS  OF  SILK  CULTURE. 


Three  acres  of  ground  planted  in  cotton  require  ten 
months’  work,  with  mule  and  plow.  These  three  acres 
would  probably  produce  the  farmer  one  hundred  dollars 
over  and  above  expenses.  Say  that  the  farmer  has  three 
acres  planted  in  mulberry  trees,  one  acre  of  mulberry 
after  three  or  four  years  from  the  cuttings,  can  feed  worms 
from  at  least  four  ounces  of  eggs.  This  should  produce 
one  hundred  and  twenty  pounds  of  dried  cocoons,  at  the 
lowest  price  say  — one  dollar  per  pound,  it  would  bring 
$120.00  to  the  acre,  which  multiplied  by  three  would  be 
equal  to  $360.00  instead  of  $100.00  realized  in  cotton  by 
the  planter. 

This  crop  could  be  made  in  six  weeks’  time  by  the 
labor  of  the  usually  non-producers  in  the  family. 


GENERAL  OBSERVATIONS. 


I  find  that  many  persons  imagine  that  silk  worms  are 
raised  upon  the  trees  in  the  open  air.  This  would  seem 
to  be  the  most  natural,  healthy  and  least  troublesome 
way  if  the  silk  worm  had  not  so  many  enemies  ;  but  spiders, 
birds,  rats  and  mice  are  very  fond  of  them.  Therefore  it 
has  been  found  impossible  to  rear  them  profitably  on  the 
trees. 


34 


SILK  CULTURE 


Yet  I  think,  if  some  one  who  could  afford  to  do  so, 
would;  experiment  in  this  matter,  that  excellent  results 
might  follow.  In  Fmrope  the  worms  have  become  so 
impregnated  with  disease  that  it  is  almost  impossible  to 
pbtain  healthy  breeds,  and  many  experiments  are  resorted 
to  in  order  to  regenerate  them.  One  way  that  is  being 
tried  is  to  plant  the  trees  near  the  house,  and  keep  them 
dwarfed  and  bushy.  When  the  eggs  begin  to  hatch  they 
are  placed  upon  these  trees,  and  the  young  worms  soon 
spread  themselves  upon  the  tender  leaves.  A  white  cloth 
is  suspended  over  the  top  of  the  trees  to  protect  the  worms 
from  the  heat  of  the  sun,  and  from  the  dew.  which  is 
hurtful,  and  from  beating  rains,  birds,  etc.  In  this  way 
they  raise  very  active,  healthy  worms  to  breed  from. 

In  connection  with  this  idea  I  have  thought  how  easy 
it  would  be  for  our  planters,  who  always  have  plenty  of 
sheds  and  shelter,  to  try  some  experiments  with  our  native 
silk  worms. 

Last  fall  I  gathered' a  number  of  native  silk  worms,  of 
magnificent  size.  The  silk  though  coarse,  had  a  splendid 
lustre.  It  was  also  very  strong.  I  found  that  the  butter¬ 
fly  does  not  cut  the  thread  in  coming  forth,  as  there  is 
a  small  opening  in  the  end  of  each  cocoon  for  the 
egress  of  the  moth.  These  cocoons  were  gathered  upon 
the  pecan,  the  common  plum  and  the  Willow  ;  showing 
that  the  worm  had  fed  upon  the  leaves  of  these  trees.  In 
order  to  obtain  any  good  results  from  these  splendid 
specimens,  it  would  be  necessary  to  compel  them  to  eat 
the  mulberry  leaf,  else  the  silk  would  never  be  fine. 

I  suggest  that  some  one  gather  a  number  of  these  silk 
cocoons  and  keep  them  in  a  comforiable  room  until  spring. 
About  the  first  of  April,  the  butterfly  of  magnificent  color 
and  size  will  come  forth.  Let  a  square  frame  be  made 
covered  with  mosquito  netting,  and  place  it  over  a  dwarfed 
mulberry  tree.  Under  this  frame  turn  the  butterflies 
loose.  They  can  then  be  able  to  fly  around  and  seem 
natural.  They  will  soon  mate,  and  deposit  their  eggs  in 
about  twenty-four  hours.  As  they  cannot  escape  to  place 
them  elsewhere,  the}' will  he  obliged  to  leave  them  on  the 
mulberry.  In  about  two  or  three  weeks  from  the  time  of 
laying  the  eggs,  the  young  worm  will  hatch  and  will  then 


IN  THE  SOUTH. 


35 


eat  the  food  nearest  it.  This  plan  I  beg  some  df  our 
Louisiana  silk  culturists  to  adopt.  If  they  succeed  in  ob-  , 
taining  but  one  pair  that  ate  the  mulberry,  these  will  be 
worth  their  weight  in  gold.  From  this  pair  a  splendid 
breed  could  be  domesticated  that  would  prove  of  great 
value  to  the  owner.  These  worms  are  trivoltines  laving 
and  hatching  at  least  three  crops  in  the  year. 


It  is  necessary  in  all  well  managed  cocooneries  to  have 
a  thermometer  and  observe  and  record  the  temperature 
each  day:. 

I  would  caution  any  one  against  the  teachings  of  some 
treatises  on  silk  culture  in  which  it  is  claimed  that  silk 
worms  can  be  raised  in  most  any  sheltered  place.  It  may 
happen  that  some  unusually  fine  spell  of  weather  may 
enable  one  to  raise  a  crop  in  this  manner,  but  in  out- 
variable  climate  one  cannot  rely  upon  it. 

A  uniform  temperature,  as  I  have  said,  is  very  important 
if  one  wishes  to  do  the  business  well.  The  temperature 
should  never  be  allowed  to  fall  below  68  or  70°,  and  at 
that  temperature  it  should  remain  but  as  short  a  time  as 
possible.  If  at  any  time  during  the  education  of  the 
worms,  the  cocoonery  should  be  overtaken  by  hot  days 
make  every  effort  to  keep  the  mercury  from  going  above 
90°.  To  prevent  this,  the  floor  must  be  frequently  sprinkled 
with  cold  water.  This  may  prevent  the  jaundice  or 
grasserie,  a  prevalent  disease  among  silk  worms  in  this 
country. 

It  is  a  good  plan  to  accelerate  the  education  of  a  crop 
of  silk  worms  by  all  proper  means.  With  the  thermo¬ 
meter  kept  at  75  or  80°,  a  crop  should  be  completed 
from  hatching  to  spinning  in  24  or  25  days.  Of  course 
good  food,  fresh  and  plentiful,  should  be  on  hand  and 
freely  given.  A  vigorous  ventilation  should  be  in  every 
cocoonery — still  there  should  never  be  a  draft  upon  the 
worms. 


36 


SILK  CULTURE. 


It  is  a  good  sign  of  success  when  all  the  worms  on  the 
shelf  or  tray  are  of  the  same  size.  To  accomplish  this 
they  must  be  made  to  molt  and  awaken  as  nearly  as 
possible  at  the  same  time.  The  clearing  of  the  litter  every 
two  days  during  the  first  and  second  ages,  and  every 
day  the  forth  and  fifth  age,  cannot  be  too  much  insisted 
upon.  By  all  means  keep  the  worms  from  getting  too 
much  crowded.  Keep  them  apart.  Do  not  let  them 
pile  up.  Attend  to  this  at  whatever  cost  of  time  and 
labor. 

Superficial  Space  required  for  Worms  from  one  Ounce. 


First  Age . 1  sq.  yard. 

Second  Age, . 3  sq.  yards. 

Third  Age,  . 6  to  7  sq.  yards. 

Fourth  Age, . , . 15  to  18  sq.  yards. 

Fifth  Age, . 30  to  36  sq.  yards. 


PIERCED  COCOONS  AND  FLOSS  SILK. 


Pierced  cocoons  and  floss  silk  may  be  prepared  for  mar¬ 
ket  by  soaking  them  in  water  for  three  or  four  days. 
Then  boil  them  in  weak  lye  water  for  half  an  hour  or 
more. 

Wash  them  clean  in  several  waters.  Pull  the  silk  and 
spread  out  to  dry.  When  perfectly  dry  they  may  be 
carded  like  cotton  and  spun  if  desired. 

In  this  condition  the  articles  will  command  a  better 
price. 


REELING. 

It  is  by  no  means  an  easy  thing  to  reel  silk.  There 
are  certain  rules  and  quantities  required  by  manufac¬ 
turers,  which  it  would  be  difficult  to  teach  in  a  book  of 
this  kind.  The  only  way  to  learn  how  to  reel  silk  is  to 


IN  THE  SOUTH. 


37 


see  the  operation  performed.  It  would  be  better  for  the 
present  for  parties  raising  cocoons  to  sell  them  to  large 
steam  filatures  or  to  associations  that  will  pay  a  remunera¬ 
tive  price  per  pound.  There  is  always  a  sale  for  cocoons. 
A  lady  having  plenty/  of  spare  time  might  go  to  the 
(rouble  of  reeling  silk,  and  find  after  all  was  finished,  that 
it  was  not  reeled  in  a  proper  manner  and  all  her  time  had 
been  thrown. away. 

I  consider  that  the  rearing  of  silk  worms  ends  with  the 
gathering  of  the  cocoons;  therefore  I  advise  all  parties 
engaged  in  silk  culture  to  attempt  no  more. 

I  annex  a  cut  and  description  of  a  reel,  which  is  copied 
from  Miss  Rossiter’s  excellent  little  work  on  silk  culture, 
in  order  to  give  an  idea  of  the  process,  and  enable  those 
who  are  desirous  of  reeling  their  own  silk,  to  form  some 
idea  of  what  is  necessary  : 

“Raw  silk  is  divided  into  three  classes,  “organzine77 
“tram’7  and  “floss’7.  “Organzine77  is  well  twisted  and  is 
the  choicest  ;  “tram,77  made  from  inferior  cocoons,  is  but 
slightly  twisted;  “floss'7  is  made  from  loose  silk  carded 
and  spun  like  cotton.  The  persons  reeling  silk  are  gener¬ 
ally  women,  one  of  whom  sits  or  stands  before  each  basin 
of  which  she  has  entire  charge.  The  basin  is  made  of  tin 
or  copper,  heated  by  a  charcoal  or  oil  fire.  In  large  es¬ 
tablishments  the  water  is  heated  by  steam. 

The  cocoons  are  plunged  in  the  water  when  it  is  near 
the  boiling  point,  and  are  moved  about  so  that  the  gum 
which  fastens  the  threads  is  thoroughly  softened.  They 
are  then  stirred  or  beaten  with  a  small  bunch  of  birch 
twigs  with  split  ends,  or  with  pieces  of  broom  corn  tied 
in  a  bunch,  to  which  the  ends  of  the  threads  will  attach 
themselves.  The  reeler  will  then  shake  the  cocoons  till 
each  one  hangs  by  a  single  thread.  She  now  takes  up 
five  or  more  threads,  according  to  the  quality  of  silk  wan¬ 
ted,  unites  them,  and  puts  the  combined  strand  through  a 
little  glass  eye,  or  large  glass  bead,  fastened  to  one  side  of 
the  reel-frame.  She  then  forms  a  similar  strand  and  puts 
it  through  another  eye  on  the  other  side.  The  strands  are 
then  brought  together,  twisted  several  times,  separated 
above  the  twist  and  put  through  two  other  glass  eyes 
or  wire  loops  through  which  they  run,  one  to  each  end  of 


38  SILK  CULTURE 


the  reel,  which  is  kept  revolving  in  a  steady,  rapid  man¬ 
ner,  and  to  which  is  given  a  side  way  motion  which  cros¬ 
ses  and  re-crosses  (her  silk  in  such  a  manner  that  it  will 
not  stick  or  glaze.  The  uniformity  of  the  thread  depends 
entirely  on  the  skill  of  the  reeler,  who  must  attach  a  new 
thread  as  soon  as  one  breaks  or  a  cocoon  gives  out.  This 
is  called  nourishing  the  silk,  and  is  done  by  dexterously 
attaching  the  new  thread  to  the  combined  strand  to  which 
it  immediately  adheres.  In  this  much  judgment  must  be 
used >  for  as  the  silk  on  a  cocoon  gets  lighter  and  finer  as 
it  nears  the  end,  the  uniformity  of  the  strand  does  not 
entirely  depend  on  the  number  of  individual  threads  form¬ 
ing  it.  When  the  silk  comes  off  the  cocoon  in  bunches, 
the  water  is  too  hot  y  when  it  unwinds  with  difficulty  it  is 
too  cold,  and  it  must  be  regal  ate  d  as  the  operator  sees  it 
necessary.  This  is  the  operation  of  reeling  ;  but  before 
the  skeins  as  they  come  from  the  reel  are  ready  for  the 
manufacturer,  they  must  be  passed  through  a  cleanser  — 
a  clasp  lined  with  cloth  which  matches  'any'  loose  silk  or 
other  matter  adhering  to* it.  It  is  furrher  cleansed  by  be¬ 
ing  passed  through  four  similar  cleansers,  twisted  about 
five  hundred  times  to  the  yard,  doubled  and  again  twisted 
four  hundred  times  to  the  yard.  It.  is  finally  run  on  reels 
about  one  and  a  half  feet  in  diameter then  taken  off' 
and  twisted  in  knots  or  hanks  in  a  peculiar  manner. 
Through  all  these  operations  the  oscillating  motion  is  con¬ 
tinued,  to  produce  the  crossings  of  the  strands.  In  the 
end  it  will  be  seen  that  it  takes  five  or  more  of  the  simple 
threads  spun  by  the  worm  to  compose  the  staple  thread. 


39 


IN  THE  SOUTH. 


IMPROVED  LOMBARDI  HAND  RELl, 


This  cut  represents  a  hand  Keel,  set  upland  ready  for  work.  Though 
made  on  the  same  principle  as  the  old  French  Reel  of  forty  years  ago, 
it  is  as  good  as  any  now  in  use.  The  reeler  sits  on  the  stool  m;  front 
of  the  pan.  The  other  stool  is  occupied  by  the  one  turning  the 
crank. 

Description  of  Cut. — 2  Tin  basin  witli  copper  bottom,  for  holding 
water,  in  which  cocoons  are  soaked,  b  Square  tin  tray  for  reception 
of  cocoons,  c  Short  stick  inserted  in  a  holder  (d)  on  which  the  ends  of 
the  cocoons  are  wound  so  as  to  be  ready  for  use.  'e  Spicket  to  leave 
water  off  front  the  basin.  /Door  Of  furnace  wherein  fire  is  lighted  to 
heat  water  in  a.  ^Flue  Pipe — This  is  necessary  to  carry  off  the  fumes 
of  charcoal,  etc.,  which  should  be  carried  into  a  chimney  or  the  open 
air,  (gas  or  oil  stoves  are  often  used  for  the  purpose  of  heating  the 
water),  h  h Glass  eyes  on  wire  holder^,  through  which  the  threads 
from  the  cocoons  pass  to  the  pulleys  at  k.  i  A  former  arrangement  for 
twisting  the  threads.  This  is  now  discontinued  as  unnecessary,  since 
the  twists  given  to  the  threads  at  k ,  and  continued  downward,  effects 
its  purpose.  This  twist  is  effected  by  passing  one- thread  around  the 
other,  as  shown  in  small  drawing  of  pulley  k.  k  k  Rollers  or  pulleys 
revolving  on  bent  wire  holders,  between  which  the  threads  pass  to 
reach  o.  n  n  A  grooved  arrangement,  by  which  the  long  guider 
working  to  and  fro  distributes  the, threads  to  the  reel.  Unless  the 
thread  be  wound  in  this  way  it  cannot  be  unwound  at  the  mills.  oThe 
top  of  the  reel  on  which  the  silk  is  wound,  p  Handle  of  machine. 


40 


SILK  CULTURE 


SPECIAL  ADVERTISEMENT. 

Books  are  open  for  orders  for  Silk  worm  eggs  and  mul¬ 
berry  trees.  Parties  interested  in  the  silk  business  would 
do  well  to  send  orders  at  once. 

The  mulberry  trees  or  cuttings  may  be  successfully 
planted  from  the  dark  of  the  moon  in  August  until  May. 

I  have  on  hand  a  few7  ounces  of  a  breed  of  silk  worms 
which  I  have  named  the  “Louisiana  Breed.’7  The  cocoon 
is  of  magnificent  size  and  lustre,  and  this  breed  has  been 
reared  in  Louisiana  for  38  years.  I  have  also  a  quantity 
of  fine  eggs  of  French,  Japanese  and  Italian  breeds. 
All  warranted  free  from  disease. 

I  will  at  all  times  furnish  to  producers  of  cocoons  all 
information  desired  in  regard  to  the  sale,  at  remunerative 
prices,  of  an)7  quantity  of  cocoons  they  may  have  to  sell. 

A  tw7o  cent  stamp  should  accompany  all  letters  of 
inquiry.  All  orders  should  be  addressed  to 

Mrs.  EMMA  B.  JOHNSON, 

Silk  Culturist, 

New  Orleans,  La. 


C.  H.  LAWRENCE  &  CO., 

Commission  &  Fish.  Merchants 

29  &  31  Tchoupitoulas  St.,  NEW  ORLEANS. 

Cold  Storage  in  the  Building. 

J\  O.  MOFLR.IS, 

WOODE1T  TT^IXjXjO  ^7^ 

Cordage,  Tinware,  Glassware,  Hardware,  Brushes,  Blacking,  Demijohns, 
Stationery  and  Paper, 

40,  42  and  44  TCHOUPITOULAS  ST.,  JVEW  ORLEANS. 


IMPORTER  AND  DEALER  IN 

China,  CrocKery,  G-lassware, 

THE  BEST  PLATED  WARE,  CUTLERY  &  HOUSE  FURNISHING  GOODS, 
174  CANAL  ST.,  NEW  ORLEANS. 

rr.  C.  PORTEOIJS, 


—IMPORTER  &  DEALER  IN— 


INTO.  133  0_A.3M^IL,  STREET, 

Touro  Buildings,  NEW  ORLEANS. 

or. 

DRY  GOODS,^: 

Carpets,  IVI settlings  ctrrcT.  Window  Slacic3.es, 
586  and  583  Magazine  St.,  NEW  ORLEANS,  La. 
Ladies’  Underwear  and  Children’s  Dresses  made  to  order. 


UPPER  CITY  NEWS  DEPOT, 

598  MAGAZINE  STREET. 

Seaside,  Lovell’s  and  Monroe’s  Libraries.  News-papers,  Magazines  and  Fashion 
books.  Fine  writing  paper.  School  boqks.  Evan’s  5  cent  music.  Postage 
Stamps  for  sale. 


S.  HERNSHEIM  &  BRO., 

MANUFACTURERS  OF 

FUME  CIGARS, 

Office  &  Salesrooms,  9,  11, 13  Tchoupitoulas  &  52,  54,  56  Common  Sts., 
NEW  ORLEANS. 


7 


G-.  T.  SOHILUNG, 

JEWELRY,  HAIR  GOODS  &  FANCY  ARTICLES, 

No.  159  CANAL  STREET. 

'Jlet.  71  on  rb  on  d  fDauphine,  JVEJV  031  LEANS. 

N.  BOUVIER, 

Perfum  e  ry  VI  an  n  1'actnre  r. 

Direct  Importation  of  Trench  Perfumeries,  Soaps,  F ancy  and  Toilet  Articles,  &c. 

103  CHARTRES  STREET, 

Brt.  Conti  and  St.  Louis.  NEW  ORLEANS. 

Orders  from  the  Country  promptly  attended  to. 

MRS.  E.  FUXA, 

INTO.  68  ROYAL  STREET, 

Bet.  Conti  and  Bienville  Sts.,  NEW  ORLEANS. 

Direct  Importation  and  Manufacturer  of  Artificial  Flowers. 

PREMIUM  DCIVTISTHY. 

Dr.  J.  H.  MALOIEY, 

Office  &  Residence ,  3  JOSEPHINE ,  COR .  CAMP  STREETS. 

ARTIFICIAL  TEETH 

Inserted  with  or  without  extracting  the  roots,  without  pain.  Dr.  Maloney  was  awarded 
four  prizes  for  the  best  dental  work.  Badly  decayed  or  sensitive  teeth  filled  without  pain. 
Instantaneous  cure  of  toothache  or  extracted  without  pain.  Twenty-three  years  ex-< 
perience.  New  York  prices,  or  within  your  means. 


MARBLE  AND  GRAJJITE  WORKS, 

158. 160, 162  &  164  St.  Charles  St„  NEW  ORLEANS. 

Every  description  of  Cemetery  and  Building  work  executed  in  the  best 


manner. 

SEWER  PIPE,  CHIMNEY  TOPS,  FIRE  CLAY  STOVE  PIPE. 


BUY-  YOUR 


- AT - 


LYON  BROTHERS, 

No.  157  CANAL  ST.,  NEW  ORLEANS. 

^STRAUSS, 

MONEY  BROKER, 

No.  6  CARONDELET  ST.,  NEW  ORLEANS. 

State,  City,  'Police  and  Sc/tool  2 ime  Pought. 


T-i.  H.  CHRISTESOIV, 

MANUFACTURER  k  DEALER  IN 

Cabinet  Furniture,  Sofas,  Chairs,  Looking-Glasses,  Mattresses,  &c. 

99,  101  &  103  CUSTOMHOUSE  STREET. 

Near  Royal,  NEW  ORLEANS. 

OR.LEAN  S  RICE  MILL, 

J.  FOERSTER,  Proprietor, 

Nos.  156  to  162  MAGAZINE  STREET, 

Corner  Notre  Dame,  NEW  ORLEANS,  LA. 

All  Orders  received  at  the  Mill  or  Addressed  to  P.  0.  Box  2707,  will  be  promptly 

attended  to. 

CHARLES  ADAMS.  EUGENE  SIMON 

ADAMS  &  SIMON, 

PHOTOGRAPHERS. 

No.  Ill  ROiTAL.  STREET, 

Near  St.  Louis,  NEW  ORLEANS,  LA. 

Portraits  and  all  Styles  of  Portraits  either  in  Crayon,  India  Ink,  Oil  or  Water  Colors 
neatly  Executed  at  Moderate  Prices— Copying  and  Enlarging  of  Oil  Pictures, 
a  Specialty.  All  Enlargements  finished  by  the  never  fading  Platino  Process. 

MILLINERY. 

The  Largest  Variety  of  latest  Designs  will  be  found  at 

IVl’me  ROSA  REYIXOIR’S 
Popular  Millinery  and  Berlin  Zephyr  Establishment, 
No.  9  CHARTRES  STREET, 

At  Lower  Prices  than  elsewhere.  Orders  solicited.  Goods  cheerfully  exchanged 
when  not  entirely  satisfactory,  or  money  refunded  if  preferred. 

JOHKT  J.  DRISCOLL, 

G^GROCERj^^) 

227  RAMPART  and  249,  251  and  253  GIROD  STREETS, 

NEW  ORLEANS,  LA. 

J.  LL  KELLER, 

MANUFACTURER  OF 

LAUNDRY  AND  TOILET  SOAP, 

Office,  110  GllJlYIER  STREET, 

NEW  On.IjEii.INrS,  La. 

JOHN  NELSON  Ac  CO., 

WHOLESALE  GROCERS, 

65  &  67  TCHOOPITODLAS,  and  2  &  4  FOUCHER  STREETS, 
NEW  ORLEANS. 


W'M.  McLAUdHMN, 

DEALER  I N 

DRY  &  SALTED  MEATS, 

BACON,  PORK,  LARD,  FLOOR,  CORN  MEAL,  GRITS,  ETC,, 

81  POYDRAS  STREET, _ NEW  ORLEANS. 

MEN’S  FURNISHING  GOODS. 

GRUBER  &  PROSDAME, 

Kr  O-  4=  ST.  CHARLES  STREET, 

NEW  ORLEANS. 

Latest  Novelties  in  Neckwear,  Hosiery  and  Handkerchiefs. 

J.  &  M.  SCHWABACHER, 

Successors  to  SCHWABACHER  &  HIRSCH. 

GENERAL  COMMISSION  MERCHANTS, 

66  to  72  MAGAZINE  &  91  to  93  POYDRAS  STS., 
MEW 

Liberal  Cash  advances  made  on  consignments  to  our  address  in  New  Orleans  or  to  that 
of  our  Mr.  Julius  Schwabacher,  Chicago,  who  solicits  also  CASH  orders 
for  the  purchase  and1  shipment  of  provisions,  etc. 

JAMES  DAVID  COLEMAN, 
ATTORNEY  AND  COUNSELLOR  AT  LAW, 

JVo.  25  COMME'ECSAL  jPZA  CE, 

NEW  ORLEANS,  La. 


Henry  Dufilho, 

ATTORNEY  AT  LAW, 

3STO-  61  CAMP  STREET, 

NEW  ORLEANS. 

ESTABLISHED  1847. 

VINCENT  &  COMPANY, 

Commission  Merchants  Ac  Auctioneers, 

Nos.  60, 62  &  64  Customhouse  St.,  NEW  ORLEANS. 

SALES  LAYS  : 

Tuesday,  Clothing,  Hats.  Wednesday,  Boots  &  Shoes.  Thursday,  Dry  Goods,  Notions, 

ZE3I-  Ij.  UsT OIRFECS, 

FANCY  &  STAPLE  DRY  GOODS, 

RIBBONS,  EMBBOIDERIES,  LACES,  HOSIERY,  GLOVES,  ETO. 

3XTo.  203  O^-IST^Xj  STREET, 

Ret.  Rampart  and  Burg-undg/,  JYHW'  ORLE.1JY  S,  L.l. 


George  S.  Purves.  Manager. 

PUEYES' 

Sasli,  BliM  and  Door  Factorr  and  Lute  Yard, 

COR,.  ST.  CHARLES  &  CLIO  STS., 

Office,  £0  Oarondelet  St.,  NEW  ORLEANS. 

CLARK  MEADER, 

IMPORTERS  AND  DEALERS  IN 

Fancy  and  Staple  Groceries,  Wines  and  Liquors, 

Nos.  16  and  18  CARONDELET  STREET, 

Branch  Store, —Corner  St.  Charles  and  Napoleon  Avenues. 

1TE'  \7\7~  Hi  a,. 


J.  W.  FAIRFAX, 

MONEY,  STOCKS,  BOND  and  GENERAL  BROKERAGE, 

148  GEAVIER  ST.,  NEW  ORLEANS. 
Executes  orders  on  commission  at  JV.  O.  Stock  Exchange. 
^“Payment  of  Taxes,  City  and  State,  a  Specialty. 
PREMIUM  BONDS  SOLD  IN  SUMS  TO  SUIT. 


Nos.  41,  43,  45  and  47  PERDIDO  STREET, 

NEW  ORLEANS. 

The  Largest  Carriage  anil  Wagon  Repository  anil  Manufactory  intheSouth. 

Also,  Dealers  in  Carriage,  Wagon  and  Cane  Cart  Materials.  Agents  for  the  Celebrated 
Tennessee,  Milburn  and  Studebaker  Farm  Wagons. 


THE  NEW  LOUISIANA  REMEDY. 

For  all  throat  and  lung  complaints,  product  of  our  swamps,  is  now  admitted 
to  be  the  most  remarkable  cough  and  teething  sirup  the  world  ever  saw.  Home 
references  by  thousands.  It  is  delicious,  and  a  reward  of  $1000  is  offered  for 
any  trace  of  opium,  laudanum,  morphine,  paregoric,  squills,  arsenic  or  any  other 
similar  drug  in  it.  Its  universal  use  as  a  teething  sirup  would  soon  put  a  stop  to 
the  “slaughter  of  the  innocents,”  now  everywhere  so  frightful.  Sold  by  druggists. 

Depot,  106  Camp  Street  New  Orleans. 

Life  tonic,  also  a  product  of  our  swamps,  for  the  blood,  appetite,  etc. ;  never 
fails  to  cure  the  chills.  No  person  who  took  it  in  '78  had  the  yellow  fever,  as 
any  other. 

H.  T.  Lawler.  H.  C.  Hayer.  A.  F.  Oliver. 


Commission  Merchants. 

No.  101  MAGAZINE  ST.,  NEW  ORLEANS. 

J,  ¥B  GOURDAIN? 

AUCTIONEER, 

Office,  No.  56  ROYAL  ST.,  near  Bienville,  NEW  ORLEANS. 

Solicits  a  share  of  the  patronage  of  his  friends  and  the  public  in  general. 


Above  all  Competitors ! 


OWNER, 


170  C-A-lsT-A-L  ST., 


JVJEW  ORL.E.&JVS,  Mam. 


A.  GEIGER, 

-DEALER  IV— 

CLOTHS,  CASSIMERES  &  TAILORS’  TRIMMINGS, 

Also,  Billiard  Cloths  &  Attakapas  Cottonade, 

COB,  CHARTRES  &  CUSTOMHOUSE  STREETS, 

1ST Ej'W’  ORIiE  A.1NTS. 

13.  JT.  WEST  «&c  SON, 

Plantation  Hardware,  Agricultural  Implements 

AND  MACHINERY, 

Nos.  115  a»d  117  Magazine  St.,  NEW  OREEANS. 

F.  P.  MAHTIKIBZ, 

MANUFACTURER  OF  &  WHOLESALE  DEALER  IN 

BOOTS  -A.  1ST  ZD  SBEOES, 

No.  9  MAGAZINE  STREET, 

NEW  ORLEANS. 

H.  0".  RIVET,  ~ 

PHARMACEUTIST  AND  DRUGGIST, 

Dealer  in  Patent  Medicines,  Trusses  and  Perfumery,  Importer  of  French  Pro¬ 
prietary  Medicines.  Proprietor  of  “Our  own  Louisiana  Aromatic  Bitters/’ 
Country  orders  promptly  filled.  Prices  moderate. 

58  Chartres  and  36  Bienville  Sts.  NEW  ORLEANS. 

W.  E.  FERSLEW, 

PAPER  HANGINGS  AND  WINDOW  SHADES, 

27  CAMP  STREET,  NEW  ORLEANS. 

The  largest  Stock  south  of  St.  Louis.  Paper  hanging  done  in  the  best  manner 
at  the  lowest  rates.  Wholesale  Dealer  in  Fireworks. 

J.  IT.  MENAR I  >, 
HORTICULTURIST. 

C'On.  C\Ul OJVDELiE T  &  St T)  CO  lilt  STS., 

NEW  ORLEANS. 

Has  constantly  on  hand  a  full  assortment  of  Plants  and  Shrubs  of  all  kinds. 
Gardens  laid  out.  Bouquets  made  to  order,  &c.,  &c.  Country  orders 
promptly  filled. 

3VE.  FELT, 

WHOLESALE  DEALER  IN 

Cigars^  Tobacco  &  Smokers’  Articles, 

No.  550  MACAZINE  ST.,  NEW  ORLEANS. 


ELKIN  &  CO., 

No.  lOO  CANAL  STREET,  NEW  ORLEANS. 

DEALERS  IN  ALL  VARIETIES  OP 

CARPETINGS,  RUGS,  OIL  CLOTHS  &  MATTINGS. 

J".  "W  .  TnT  _A_  G-  I_.E3, 

MANUFACTURER  OF  THE  BEST 

i’.i  TEJYT  ME  EM  1  U  EM.l  TOM, 

For  the  States  of  Louisiana  &  Mississippi. 

1«9  &  131  CALLIOPE  ST., 

_  _  INEW  Oi^ZLi^^TSTS. 

A.  J.  WARD’S  SONS, 

—DEALERS  IN— 

LUMBER,  SHINGLES,  LATHS,  SASH,  DOORS,  BLINDS,  ETC., 

Yard,  COR.  DELORD  &  DRYADES  STREETS, 

NEW  ORLEANS. 

HIRAM  H.  CARVER, 

Attorney  at  Law, 

JSTo.  eo  OARONDELBT  STiFLIELET, 

NEW  ORLEANS,  LA. 


J.  S.  ADAMS, 

ATTORNEY  AT  LAW, 

Office  Hours ,  9  to  10k  A.  37.,  and  2  to  4  i\  M. 


No.  13  COMMERCIAL  PLACE,  NEW  ORLEANS. 


Nos.  15  &  17  DU  MAINE  ST.,  HEW  ORLEANS. 


DEALER  IN 

Vegetable,  Flower  and  Field  Seeds. 

R.  A.  CHIAPELLA, 

DRY  GOODS  AND  NOTIONS, 

Ladies’  and  Children’s  line  Underwear  a  Specialty, 

No.  230  ROYAL  STREET, 

Cor.  St.  Philip  Street.  NEW  ORLEANS,  LA - 


Y  I  r*s.  Leonie  George, 

No.  220  ROYAL  STREET,  NEW  ORLEANS. 

Late  Premiere  of  Marie  Ferry.  Late  Garnisseuse  of  D.  H.  Holmes. 


ALF.  T.  BAKER.  THOS.  SLOO.  CHAS.  M.  WHITNEY. 

SLOO  c*3  OCX, 

MANUFACTURERS  OF 

SADDLERY,  HARNESS  AND  COLLARS, 

JYos.  0  e magazine  and  54  Canal  Sts., 

NEW  ORLEANS,  LA. 
IIIE  CHEAPEST  PLACE  FOR 

Fine  Jewelry,  Watches,  Diamonds  &  Silver  Ware 

EDWARD  LILIENTHAL, 

95  CANAL  STREET.  NEW  ORLEANS- 


Lloyd  Posey. 

attorney  at  law, 

Wo.  6/  C AMT  ST.,  WWW  OTZTAJVS. 

G.  TOWNSEND, 

STOCK,  EXCHANGE  AND  COIN  BROKER, 

No.  138  Grravier  St.,  NEW  ORLEANS. 

Buys  and  sells  on  Commission  all  classes  of  Stocks  and  Bonds.  Negotiates 
Commercial  Paper  with  care.  Largest  coin  house  in  the  South. 

LEON  QTJEYROUZE, 

GROCER, 
Importer  of  WINES  &  LIQUORS, 

And  Dealer  in  all  kinds  of  WEST3R1T  AND  C0UNT2Y  P20DUCE, 

No.  97  DECATUR  STREET,  NEW  ORLEANS,  LA. 

SEED  STORE. 

E.  F.  VIRGIN, 

9S  CrK.-A-"S7TX]:El  ST.,  ITEW  O^XjX3-A-XTS- 

— DEALER  IN — 

Garden,  Field  and  Flower  Seed,  Flowering  Roots,  Ornamental  Shrubbery, 
Fjuit  Trees,  Flower  Pots,  Etc. 


8 


OCTAVE  FORSTALL, 

DEALER  I\ 

t  .  ...  • 

Lime,  Cement,  Waster  Paris,  Fire  Bricks,  Paints, 

OILS,  BKUSISES,  IV AVAL  STOKES,  ETC., 

36  NATCHEZ  STREET,  NEW  ORLEANS. 

THE  OLDEST  MACHINERY  AGENCY  IN  NEW  ORLEANS, 

EWTAKIjISUKB  »»  YEARS. 

WILLIAM  I,.  CUSHINCi, 

INTo.  166  Gravier  St-,  oioio.  St.  Ola.f-A.rles  Hotel, 

Store  Running  through  to  No.  17  Union  Street,  and  Opposite  Southern  Express  Co., 
NEW  ORLEANS,  LA. 

Representing  :  Eagle  Cotton  Gin  Company,  of  Bridgewater,  Massachusetts. 
Steelman  &  Co.,  of  Aurora,  Jnd.,  Manufacturers  of  Engines  and  Machinery. 
Blyrner  Manufacturing  Company,  of  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

The  Simpson  &  Gault  Manufacturing  Co.,  of  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

St.  Charles  Street  Medical  and  Hydropathic  Institute, 

40  &  42  8T.  CHARLES  STREET, 

Opposite  St.  Charles  Hotel ,  NEW  ORLEANS.  LA. 

To  meet  the  wants  of  patients  the  proprietor  has  introduced,  in  addition  to 
the  ordinary  medical  and  surgical  agencies, 

Turkish,  Russian,  Electro-Thermal  and  Sulphur  Air  Baths,  &c., 

Constituting  the  most  complete,  varied  and  valuable  curative  agents  in  any 
health  institution.  The  following  maladies  treated  successfully  at  the  institute: 
Chronic  Catarrh,  Bronchitis,  Asthma,  Diseases  of  the  Liver,  Coustipation,  Gout, 
Rheumatism,  Pilos,  Ague  and  Fever,  Neuralgia,  Paralysis,  Spinal  Disease,  Scro¬ 
fula,  Syphilis,  Skin  Diseases,  Impotency,  Spermatorrhea,  etc. 

D  R  „  J.  C.  JONAS, 

German  Physician  and  Electrician,  Specialist  for  the  Disease  of  the  Urinary,  Gen¬ 
erative  and  Nervous  System,  continues  to  give  his  personal  attention  to  the  treat¬ 
ment  of  these  maladies  in  all  their  various  forms  and  conditions. 

P.  E.  BRULATOUR  &  CO., 

IMPORTERS  &  COMMISSION  MERCHANTS, 

116,  118  &  12<D  KOVAL  ST.,  IVEW  ORLEANS. 


THE  CHEAPEST  PICTURE  &  FRAME  STORE  IV  THE  CITY. 

JOHN  BASTI  A.  TV, 

BOOKSELLER  Sc  STATIO XnTIELR,. 

Dealer  and  Importer  of  Cbromos,  Engravings,  Picture  Frames,  Picture  Cord, 
Brackets,  Mouldings,  Albums,  Ac.  Picture  Frames  and  Cornices  made  to  order. 

No.  ISO  CANAL  STREET, 

JYear  ltryade »,  JTJVU'  ORFFJtJTS. 

V/Vid  G-eo.  $3I‘U.37'o, 

SI  film  Wood  ami  Cigar  Mn.r,  Factory, 

PAPER  BOXES  OF  EVER1  DESCRIPTION, 

No.  71  CHARTRES  ST.,  *  NEW  ORLEANS. 


Sole  Agent  SHELBY  COUNTY,  ALABAMA,  LIME . 

Sole  proprietor  celebrated  Crescent  Sugar  Lime,  and  Dealer  in  all  kinds  of  Sugar 
Lime,  Lime,  Cement.  Roll  Sulphur,  Fire  Brick,  Plaster  Paris,  White 
Sand,  Hair,  Laths  and  Building  Materials  generally. 

Warehouses, 91  Fulton  &  109  Peters  Sts.,  No.  69  CARONDELET  ST  , 

Oils  a  Specialty.  NEW  ORLEANS. 

BAX'S.  X.  THIMBLE, 

Millinery,  Fancy  Goods  and  Notions, 

453  DK'g'ADES  STREET,' 

HEW  QRLEAWS. 

m&mwwM  m  bbotbbb, 

FINE  CIGARS, 

Sole  Agent  for  the  Celebrated  Brand  “HENRY  CLAY,” 

45  CAMP  ST.,  NEW  ORLEANS,  LA. 


OFFICES  : 

No.  46  CARONDELET  ST.,  2d  Floor  front 
ST.  LOUIS  HOTEL,  Office  Commissioner  Agriculture  of  Louisiana, 

NEW  ORLEANS,  LA, 

M 

G^AGENT  FOR^O 

Several  corporations  owning  large  tracts  of  yellow  pine. 
Deals  in  Texas  ranches ,  agricultural  and 
Mineral  lands  in  the  South , 

Commissions  for  purchases  of  large  tracts  for 
colonies  and  syndicates  solicited. 


Built  up  on  Principles  of  Honesty  and  Fair  Dealing. 
Every  .Piano  warranted  as  represented.  Lowest 
possible  prices  and  easy  terms.  Call  and 
examine  my  immense  stock  of 

200  PIANOS  MD  ORGANS. 

Jtlusical  Instruments  at  Wholesale  and  Retail. 
Sheet  JWusic,  the  largest  stock  in  the  South. 


The  cheapest  pla 


Please  send  your  work  in  his  line. 

Merchants  will  please  send  their  Customers’  work  from  the 
Country  to  his  care. 

ALL  WORK  CAREFULLY  REPAIRED  AND  FULLY  GUARANTEED. 

Work  or  orders  left  at  AngelFs  Pharmacy,  153  &  1 55  Julia  Sr.,  will  receive  prompt  attention. 

P.  S.  My  long  experience  in  the  business  persuades  nm,  that  I  promise  no 
more  than  I  can  perform.  TITOS.  B.  HARRIS. 


RAVER. 


Near  Julia, 


PRACTICAL  WATC 


ARTIS 


&  3  O  ~ 

F  >r  example-  \ 


slight  wave  of  the  hand  shows  when  a  word  is  completed  before  you  begin  the  next 


The  large  or  small,  single  and  doable  handed  alphabet  Electrotype-plates  can 
be  laid  at  fair  prices.  The  Manual  alphabet  visiting,  calling  or  business  cards, 
(either  single  or  double-handed)  of  the  best  quality,  will  be  printed  to  your  or¬ 
der,  your  name  neatly  printed  on  the  reverse  side,  in  stylish  type,  and  the  cards 
sent  by  mail,  post-paid,  on  receipt  of  price,  to  any  part  of  the  United  States. 

PRICE  LIST: 

200  cards  with  name  or  advertisement  .  .  .  .$2.00 

300  “  “  “  .  .2  50 

500  “  “  “  .  ..  3.75 

1000  “  “  . .  ...  6.00 

-  AND  SO  FORTH. — 

Address, 

THOS.  B.  HARRIS, 

No.  205  CARON DELET  STREET, 

Near  Julia  NEW  ORLEANS,  La 


FORMERLY  OF 


3Dr.  IF1.  H.  ZKJKT.A.IPIF*  db  SON, 

^TTEND  TO  ALL  ^RANCHES  OF 


